Electron Movement and Emission Spectra in Metals

2. Your explanation should include the following points: • Where electrons from each metal are located • Why they move up and down between energy levels • How they fall down between energy levels • What happens when they fall down between energy levels • Why we see the process • Why different metals appear different in the experiment • What an emission spectrum is

6. Electron Configuration

8. Complete the table below giving the full electron configuration of each element

9. Use the information below to work out what the principal quantum number, n, is:

10. Complete the table to give the principal quantum numbers for all 15 electrons in Phosphorus

11. Successive Ionisation Energies of Sodium

12. Your answer should include: What ionisation energy is A description of the general trend An explanation of the general trend An explanation of the jump between 2nd and 3rd It could also include: Other elements that might also have this pattern and suggestions about why scandium has a similar, but slightly different trend

15. Look at my mark scheme – how closely does it match yours? Explain why Br- has a higher ionic radius than Cl- Explain why chlorine has a higher atomic radius than argon

17. WhatElementDoes This Graph Represent?

19. Electron Affinity Rearrangethesewords to propose a definition of electronaffinity change to electron a gaseous in when The atom in is phase energy an neutral added the

20. Answerthese questions on the workwe have donerecently Whyiselectronaffinityalwaysexothermic? Describe the trend in electronaffinity down group 7 Explainthe trend in electronaffinity down group 7 Describe the general trend in electronaffinityacrossPeriod 3 Explain the general trend in electronaffinityacrossPeriod3 Extension Using the knowledgeyou have gainedrecently to predictsomepotentialdeviationsfrom the general trends

22. Properties of Period 3 Oxides Create a series of cards on the Period 3 Oxides Eachcardshouldcontain: A diagram of the structure The bondingpresent Theirreactionwith water Theirreactionwithacids and/or bases Oxides to study Sodium Oxide MagnesiumOxide Aluminium Oxide Phosphorus (V) Oxide SulfurDioxide SulfurTrioxide DichlorineOxide

25. Mini Plenary : Mr Wrong How many of the statements below are wrong? Which ones are wrong? How could they be corrected? If a system is isolated from its surroundings, then the total amount of energy is constant If the energy of the system goes up the energy of the surroundingsgoes up If the energy of the surroundings goes down then the energy of the system goes up Energy can not be be converted from one type to another

26. Bob has written this answer to a question. Where are the mistakes and what has he done right? Chemists use the term H to describeenergy in chemistry. H stands for enthalpy. The enthalpy of a system isdefined as the temperature at a constant pressure. This cannotbemeasured. ∆H is the enthalpy change. This isdefined as the heat change at a constant temperature and alsocannotbemeasured. The enthalpy change for a reactionisusuallyquoted at standard conditions, which are 298 oC and 100,000 kPa pressure.

27. Usingenthalpy of formation data to calculateenthalpy changes Rationale: Hess’ Law states that the enthalpy change is the sameregardless of the paththatistaken to getthere. Consider the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate: CaCO3CaO + CO2 The enthalpy change for thisreactioncanbecalculatedfromenthalpy of formation data The enthalpy of formation isdefined as the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance isformedfromitselements, with the elements in their standard states. CaCO3is made from Ca, C and 1½ O2………..as are the productsCaO + CO2 So…wecanconstruct a cycle as follows: CaCO3CaO + CO2 Ca, C and 1½ O2 …and use data given to us to determine ∆Hfor the reaction ∆H ∆H ∆Hf CaCO3 ∆Hf CaO + ∆Hf CO2

28. Hess Calculations • For each of the reactionsbelow: • Contruct a Hess Cycle showing an intermediatestepinvolving the elements in their standard states • Use the data values to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction C2H4 + H20 C2H5OH 2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H20 C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H20 C6H6 + 7.5O2 6CO2 + 3H2O

30. Complete the table to predictwhenreactionswillbespontaneous

31. Starter – Analogy A chemical bond is like a pair of magnets…

33. We can use bond enthalpy values to calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction. To do this, we use the tables of bond enthalpies given to calculate the sum of the bond enthalpies of all the products, this is given the symbol ΣΔHP. Be careful to include all the bonds. In methane, for example, we need to account for four C-H bonds. We then calculate the sum of the bond enthalpies of the reactants, ΣΔHr, again accounting for all the bonds. The final step is doing the calculation: ΣΔHP – ΣΔHr This calculates the difference between the two values. If the value for ΣΔHP is greater than that for ΣΔHr this means that more energy was released in making the bonds than was needed to break the bonds. Therefore the value for the enthalpy change for the reaction is negative and it is exothermic. If the reverse is true, i.e. that the value for ΣΔHP is less than that for ΣΔHr then the value for the enthalpy change is positive and it is endothermic.

34. Use the table to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reactions: C + H2 CH4 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

35. Some values for some enthalpy changes The reaction to form sodium chloride is shown below: Na(s) + ½ Cl2(g) NaCl(s) This is also known as the enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride. Use the data below to calculate a value for this reaction Atomisation of chlorine = +122 kJmol-1 Formation of sodium chloride lattice = -788 kJmol-1 First ionisation energy of sodium = +496 kJmol-1 Atomisation of sodium = +108 kJmol-1 First electron affinity of chlorine = -349 kJmol-1

37. Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy lattice formation for sodium oxide, Na2O

41. Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy of solution for sodium chloride

42. Speed Dating Don’t be Shy!!! You have 10 minutes to produce a 3 minute brief presentation on the topic below, individually: You will then pair up with other people and recap the topic to them in 3 minutes. Then they will have 3 minutes to recap their topic to you… Topics Matteo, George - Conservation of energy Alice, Enthalpy change definitions and Born-Haber Cycles Jean Paul, Selina - Calculating enthalpy changes using enthalpies of formation Fergal, Aleksandar - Calculating enthalpy changes using enthalpies of combustion Rory, Laura Calculating enthalpy changes using bond enthalpies Masha, Jordan - Entropy Love is in the air…..!!!

43. Reaction between marble chips and acid Concentration of acid = 1 mol dm3, 25 Celsius and small marble chips Amount of product formed in cm3 Time in Seconds

44. Sketch Graphs to Represent Results you Might Get With These Conditions Fine marble powder, 5 mol dm3 acid and 50 Celsius Fine marble powder, 0.1 mol dm3 and 25 Celsius Large marble chips, 0.1 mol dm3 10 Celsius

47. How will EA change if the reaction becomes catalysed? How will this affect the proportion of particles that have enough energy to react? How will that affect the proportion of successful collisions? What will happen to the rate?

49. What happens to the energy of the particles at a higher temperature? How does the proportion of particles with E > EA change? How does the number of successful collisions change? What will happen to the rate?

50. June 12 Jan 12