Select Bibliography

1. Select Bibliography • Journal and Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian: a Plantation tutor of the Old Dominion, 1773-1774, ed. Hunter Dickinson Farish (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1957. • Allen, Thomas B. Tories: Fighting for the King in America’s First Civil War.”New York: HarperCollins, 2010. • Chopra, Ruma. Unnatural Rebellion: Loyalists in New York City During the Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011. • Flavell, Julie. When London Was the Capital of America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. • Jasanoff, Maya. Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2011.

2. O’Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. • Oliver, Peter. Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion: A Tory View. Eds. Adair, Douglass and Schutz, John. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961. (Oliver’s manuscript is dated 1781) • Pestana, Carla Gardina. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution 1640-1661. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. • Schama, Simon. Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.   Silver, Peter. Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.   Tiedemann, Joseph, Fingerhut, Eugene and Venables, Robert eds The Other Loyalists: Ordinary People, Royalism, and the Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1763-1787. Albany: SUNY Press, 2009. •  ADDED: • Carretta, Vincent. Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man. New York: Penguin, 2005.

3. Regicide Hideout in the Colonies Judges Edward Whalley(d 1675?) and William Goffe (d 1679?) fled to New Haven when an arrest warrant was issued for the 7 who had been intimately involved in the King’s trial and execution. They hid out in caves, cellars, and with people sympathetic to Cromwell. For its role in hiding the regicides, King Charles deprived the colony of New Haven its independence and had it absorbed into Connecticut.

4. 1760-1776 England in the Colonies And The Colonies in England

5. London By the eighteenth century London was the administrative and financial center of the empire and the standard of its culture. By 1760 “London had been the capital of Britain’s Atlantic empire for a century and a half and had taken on an unmistakably American cast.” Julie Flavell When London Was the Capitol of America

6. England in America

7. “Home Sweet Home” Georgian Architecture Westover Plantation

8. Steventon ParsonageJane Austen’s childhood home

9. America in England

10. Benjamin West, History Painter to the King “Death of Wolfe”

11. Why Were the Colonists There? • For business—merchants, retailers, speculators. • For an education—”Nine months spent in [London] will teach you more by your eyes and ears than a life spent in your native country.” Benjamin Rush to his son • As tourists—wealthy colonists on the Grand Tour. • As servants, mostly slaves, accompanying the tourists. • West Indian absentee plantation owners. Interesting fact: “Most of the colonial Americans visiting London did so in the years just before independence.” Flavell

12. Education “All I wish him to learn in Virginia is to read, write & cypher,& do as much with his Grammar, as the Time will admit of . . .when he goes to England, he may in part have gotten over the Drudgery of Education.”Rbt. Beverley preparing his son for school in England

13. When you can’t send them “home” for schooling: • The traditional learning of English schools could be brought to the colonies by English-trained tutors and governesses. • (Excluding the Scots) “they will teach the children the Scotch dialect which they can never wear off.” • What was the attraction? In a word: gentrification which meant polished manners and knowledge of the world.

14. Training for the LawInns of Court • The Inns formed the highest level of training for barristers and judges. • Between 1755 and 1775, over 140-165 colonial lawyers had attended. • The majority came from Virginia, Maryland, So. Carolina, and Pennsylvania. • Students from the West Indies registered as from “Island of Jamaica in America.” • A few of the famous ones: Charles Carroll, William Franklin, John Dickinson, Wm Penn, Richard Henry Lee, Peyton Randolf.

15. Methods of Gathering Datafor Colonists Living in London • Problem #1: Colonials in London had “low visibility”; they blended in with the rest of the English population and, as British subjects, were never enumerated. • The basis for Flavell’s numerical estimates are the papers of Henry Laurens of South Carolina, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, and published lists of students at Oxford, Cambridge, and the Inns of Court. • Problem #2: these numbers do not include women, children, and blacks. • Anecdotal evidence comes from contemporary letters and diaries.

16. Three colonial American types:The Planter, the Slave, the Yankee • Henry Laurens—southern planter • His sons John, Harry, and Jemmy • Scipio/Robert--his Black servant(slave) • Stephen Sayre—New England merchant • Benjamin Franklin—One who was there in an official capacity • William Franklin, his son—brought to be educated at Inns of Court

17. Henry Laurens • Henry Laurens: planter and leading merchant of Charleston; conducted widespread overseas trade; had business correspondents in London, Liverpool, and Bristol; was politically active. • Became President of the Second Continental Congress after John Hancock.

18. Fludyer Street where Laurens lived

19. Stephen SayreYankee Merchant • “I can’t bear the thoughts of living in America or starving in England.” • Farmer’s son from Long Island; had aspirations to become a gentleman, and tried his fortunes in London. • Set up a bank, elected sheriff of London, seduced women, jailed on a trumped-up charge of treason, eventually had to return to America to escape creditors. • There he was always known to his New Jersey neighbors as “the handsome Englishman”

20. Benjamin and William Franklin Father Son

21. The Father, a patriotThe Son, a loyalist • Did not resemble Henry Laurens so much as he did his British provincial equivalents. • “In his comings and goings of his household and his agency we catch a glimpse of the sort of ordinary American colonists who . . . were everywhere in London at this time.” Flavell • He was Initially indifferent to the Stamp Act and had a pragmatic view of the Declaratory Act (Parliament had the right to tax its colonies). • Conflicting duties: colonial agent and had Crown appointment as Deputy Postmaster General for America • Illegitimate son of B. Franklin • Colonial governor of New Jersey • Had illegitimate son: William Temple Franklin • Refused his father’s request to support the American cause; remained a Loyalist • Arrested by patriots; jailed for 2 years; when released in 1778 went to NY, which was still held by the British and worked for Loyalist causes. • Left for England for good in 1782; father and son never reconciled • .

22. Francis Barber(stand in for Robert Laurens)

23. Colonial Slaves in London • Became part of the “saucy and impertinent" servant problem. • Slaves brought by absentee American planters saved them the cost of a highly trained English servant. • Henry Laurens had brought his house slave Scipio with him to England. Once there, Scipio changed his name to Robert. • His duties took him around London and brought him into contact with English servants and with other slaves. • It also brought him into an atmosphere where abolition was becoming an issue.

24. Legalities • Legal predicament: although slavery was embedded in the laws of the American colonies, it was not explicitly recognized in English common law. Were American slaves, then, still slaves when they stepped onto the shores of England? • 1772: Lord Chief Justice Mansfield rendering judgment in the case of a slave who, fearing he would be sent back to the Caribbean, ran away from his English master: “no master ever was allowed here to take a slave by force to be sold abroad because he had deserted from his service, or for any other reason whatever; we cannot say the cause set forth by this return is allowed or approved of by the laws of this kingdom, therefore the man must be discharged.”Effectively eliminated slavery in England.

25. Some Things Never Change:Young Americans Abroad • Young Americans had a reputation for being “wild and extravagant.”“A common cliché was that they had been corrupted by a life spent among slaves.” • They came to London to “regain their essential Englishness.” • The American students in London had a southern bias. Between 1755 and 1775, almost ¾ of the students were from Maryland and southward.

26. Benjamin WestThe Cricketers (1764) Center: Ralph Izard R to L: Andrew Allen, Ralph Wormeley, James Allen Behind Izard: member of the Beckford family. Later Andrew Allen and Ralph Wormeley remained loyal to the King.

27. Confusing North, South, Backwoods and Seashore • Confused knowledge of American geography—the English tended to blend New England and the slave states; the backwoods with the seashore. To them “slave owning was a colonial thing.” America was a land of slave compounds and drivers of slaves. • They also confused West India islands: “southern colonists were rather like the West Indians with their ‘show and extravagance’ and their retinue of ‘dark attendants.’” • Three typical routes for a colonial slave to escape in London: somehow start getting wages and then “certify a free status”; marry an English person; or just run away. • Shortly before Henry Laurens returned to America, his Robert took another course of action—he was arrested for burglary and, instead of hanging or transportation, was branded on the hand and sentenced to 12 months in jail. And there he was when his master went back to South Carolina.

28. Another Sort of Americanin London Objects of Satire The Nabobs • Sir Peter Pepperpot, “A West Indian of an overgrown fortune . . . An ingenuous and absurd character.” • Samuel Foote, The Patron 1764

29. The Declaration of Independence British refuse to recognize it: Theory of Perpetual Allegiance

30. The Law of Perpetual Allegiance • The theory of “Natural Allegiance”: once a subject, always a subject. • Emigrant subjects retained their duty of allegiance to the government erected by the original community. • In 1776 Great Britain denied the right of the colonists to choose a new allegiance. • The British government challenged the legitimacy of the revolutionary governments and laws between 1776 and the Peace of Paris in 1783.

31. Theoretical Backgroundto Allegiance I • Edward Coke (1552-1634) greatest jurist of Elizabethan and Jacobin eras. • Saw the subject as in a personal relationship between the individual and the king. It was rooted in the unchanging laws of God and Nature. • Mutual obligations: protection and obedience

32. Theoretical Background toAllegiance, cont’d John Locke (1632-1704) Sir William Blackstone (1723-1780) “Natural allegiance is due from all men born within the king’s dominions, immediately upon their birth . . . For it is a principle of universal law that the natural born subject of one prince cannot put off his natural allegiance, for this allegiance was intrinsic, and primitive, and antecedent to any other. • Primal social contract: individuals formed communities, submitted to majority rule and then delegated power to a government. • Using Locke, British theorists concluded that emigrant subjects retained their duty of allegiance to the government erected by the original community.

33. CASE IN POINT: HENRY LAURENS IMPRISONED IN THE TOWER

34. What do these two have to do with Henry Laurens? Charles Cornwallis John Burgoyne

35. The Exchange • Henry Laurens returned to So. Carolina at the start of the Revolution. • In 1779 Congress made him minister to Holland, but on his return trip to America, his ship was captured by the British Navy. • Laurens was accused of treason and imprisoned in the tower for 2 years. He was released in exchange for Lord Cornwallis. • Burgoyne and Cornwallis were not held in America after the war but were sent on parole to England. • Initially Edmund Burke and Benjamin Franklin worked to exchange Laurens for Burgoyne, but on condition that Burgoyne return to America to be officially exchanged. Burgoyne refused. • Finally Laurens was exchanged for Cornwallis (who did not have to return to America).

36. And what of the Americans who were in London on 4 July 1776? • Arthur Lee, William Lee, and Stephen Sayre lived under British government surveillance, but none of them were prosecuted. • Nor were other rebels living in London at the time if they broke no laws. • Benjamin West, artist, remained Painter to the King. • Other prominent Americans stayed in London, hoping to bring about a reconciliation. • John Laurens, Henry’s son, continued his law studies, finally returning home in 1777. • Other families had members with divided loyalties. Trying to protect their American estates, some played both ends and kept one family member in England.

37. Laurens receives an invitation to dinner

38. Interesting Bit of Trivia • John Laurens—son of Henry-- drew up the articles of capitulation and • Took Cornwallis into custody • While his father was imprisoned in the Tower • Whose absentee governor was Cornwallis