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This comprehensive overview delves into population policies, distinguishing between pro-natalist (expansive) and anti-natalist (restrictive) approaches. It explores the motivations behind a country’s choice for pro-natalist policies, such as encouraging larger families through tax incentives and social support, versus anti-natalist policies aimed at limiting births to control population growth. Specific examples, including Japan’s aging crisis and China’s One Child Policy, illustrate the economic and social impacts of these strategies. The discussion analyzes the effectiveness and limitations of various population control measures and their long-term implications for society.
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Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive
Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg
Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg
Population Policies • Expansion Policies • Encourage large families • Tax incentives • Eugenic Policies • Policies designed to favor one sector over another
Population Policies • Restrictive Policies • Toleration of unapproved birth control • Prohibition of large families
Population Control • Obstacles • Manufacture/distribution expense • Religion • Low female status • Preference for male children
Birth Control Programs • One family/one child policies • Female infanticide • Social compensation fees • Sterilization • Loss of status • Termination healthcare/food coupons • Free birth control • Increased literacy
Limitations of Population Policies • Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties • Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent) • Restricting immigration ages a population
Japan – Post WWII • Refugees return from colonies • Soldiers return home to families • American occupation improved medical stuff • Birth rate increased and death rate dropped
Japan – Eugenic Protection Act • Legalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons • Contraceptives were made available • Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate • BR +34 per 1000 in 1947 • BR 18 per 1000 in 1957
Japan – Expansionary Policy • 1991 – government encouraged parents to have larger families • Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers • Will probably use technology to improve productivity • Japan on the road to negative growth
Japan – Aging Crisis • 23,000 – Centenarians • Grows by 13% annually • Oldest member 114
Japan – Economic Impact • Under 100 million people by the middle of the century • 30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled • By 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population
China – Under Mao • Mao Zedong was against population control • Following Mao’s death in 1979 the government introduced population controls
China – One Child Policy • 1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child • Applied loosely at first, which did not work • Restrictions tightened in 1982 • Created dramatic reduction in the birth rate
One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed • Rewards • free medical care • free daycare and schooling • guaranteed job for child • bonuses for parents • extra maternity leave • better housing • bigger old age pension • Penalties • must repay financial • benefits • educational, medical • benefits, & guaranteed • jobs are withdrawn • parents’ wages reduced
Penalties and hardships of the one-child policy • Farming families had no extra labor and defied authorities • Gov’t fired offenders from jobs
80,000 Family Planning Workers source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html Practice birth control for the revolution
source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy
Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?
China – Social Impact • Female infanticide • Over 300,000 more males survive than females • Future males will substantially outnumber females • Social consequences are unknown
How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?
China – Relaxation of Policy • 1984 – regulations loosened • Weakened enforcement • Peasants with rising incomes would pay the fines for births • 2000 Growth rate = .9%
