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UNIT 1: GIS DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT 1: GIS DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS. Topics covered in this unit Definitions of Geographic Information Systems GI technologies GI systems GI science. Geographic Information. what is where on the Earth's surface. Digital information. Why use computers to store information?

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UNIT 1: GIS DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

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  1. UNIT 1: GIS DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS Topics covered in this unit • Definitions of Geographic Information Systems • GI technologies • GI systems • GI science

  2. Geographic Information • what is where on the Earth's surface

  3. Digital information • Why use computers to store information? • easy to store, retrieve, query, manipulate, send, receive, copy, display... • faster • can store various kinds on information: text, pictures, tables, music etc...

  4. Information technologies Technologies for collecting and dealing with geographic information: • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Remote sensing • Computer Aided design (CAD) • Land Information System (LIS) • Geographic information system (GIS)

  5. What is Geographic Information System? • Geographic • relates to places on the Earth's surface where something is what is at a given location • Information System • manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize • work with information stored in computer databases

  6. Definitions of GIS • A system of hardware, software and procedures • used to input, storage, manipulate, analyze, model and display georeferenced data • to solve complex problems about planning and managing of resources

  7. Components of a GIS • Hardware: • computer, [+digitizing board, scanner..] • Software • various, price ranges from $ 0 - $50,000 • developed by software companies, eg. ESRI (ArcGIS) • People • human expertise required for processing and decision making

  8. GIScience • is the science behind the technology • is a multidisciplinary field

  9. Overview of GIS Spatial data are organized into layers

  10. Geo-spatial data • Two main components: • spatial component: • helpful to conceptualize as maps • thematic component: attributes • helpful to conceptualize as tables (and metadata too…)

  11. How old is GIS? • 35,000 years ago: caves of Lascaux (France) • animal drawings • migration lines • in GIS: • graphic objects • linked to attributes

  12. 18th century:Early use of thematic mapping

  13. 1950s:The quantitative revolution • Major crisis in geography • paradigm shift needed • introduction of computers

  14. 1960s: Canada GIS (CGIS) • earliest GIS developed • Department of Energy, Mines and Resources - developing land management plans • mapping information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use

  15. Mid 1960’s: • Harvard Laboratory For Computer Graphics And Spatial Analysis • general-purpose mapping packages/GISs: • SYMAP • CALFORM • GRID • ODYSSEY • ESRI: founded in 1969

  16. 1970’s • Bureau of the Census • first geocoded census developed • USGS

  17. 1980’s-1990s: • Development of GIS industry • micro-computer hardware • 1980: ArcInfo released • command-driven, product-oriented user interface • Commercial vendors: ESRI, MapINFO, etc..

  18. 2000 and beyond... • geospatial technologies • open-source GIS: • GRASS GIS, Google maps... • viewing GIS data over the Internet • fusion of remote sensing, GPS with GIS...

  19. Google Maps: is this a GIS?

  20. What is GIS used for? What: Who? • Government • Industry • Academics Transportation Hydrology Geology Demographics Crime Health …

  21. “Doing” GIS • using the tools of Geographic Information Systems to solve a problem

  22. GIS applications • mapping locations • mapping quantities • mapping densities • finding distances • mapping and monitoring change

  23. Functions of GIS • Data entry • data display • data management • information retrieval • Analysis • Decision making

  24. StagesinGISproject And don’t forget to HAVE FUN!!

  25. Lecture 1 : Review • define basic terms associated with geographic information: technologies, systems, science, studies • explain why ge • ographic information systems are important • explain why a science of geographic information is needed

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