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Summary of Post-Charlemagne West & East (10th Century):

Summary of Post-Charlemagne West & East (10th Century):. Western Empire: - Disintegration into feudalism & Dark ages - Norse invasions. Eastern Empire: - Political stability under Macedonian dynasty - Expansion by retaking Crete, Cyprus, Antioch and Syria from Muslims, and absorbing

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Summary of Post-Charlemagne West & East (10th Century):

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  1. Summary of Post-Charlemagne West & East (10th Century): Western Empire: - Disintegration into feudalism & Dark ages - Norse invasions Eastern Empire: - Political stability under Macedonian dynasty - Expansion by retaking Crete, Cyprus, Antioch and Syria from Muslims, and absorbing Armenia and Bulgaria

  2. The Schism of Photius (858): 1. Pope Nicholas I versus Patriarch Photius of Constantinople 2. Eastern Emperor Michael III deposes Ignatius in favor of scholar Photius 3. Ignatius appeals to Nicholas; delegation to Constantinople 4. Photius refuses to negotiate; Nicholas excommunicates him 5. 862: Photius raises issue of filioque; anathema on Nicholas 6. Basil I kills Michael, reinstates Ignatius; schism ends 7. Photius steps aside; councils occur; unity ends

  3. 860: Rus nation of Viking origin, attacks Constantinople; retreat North, take Kiev from slavs, making it the capitol of their nation, Russia 868: Cyril & Methodius from Thessalonica to Moravia; Cyril creates Slavonic alphabet, laying foundation for Slavonic Christianity in Balkans and Russia

  4. The Roman Papacy in the 10th Century: 1. 882 - Pope John VIII poisoned. 2. Papacy sank into violence, nepotism, simony & discord. 3. 26 popes in 100 years. 4. 8 murdered. 5. 1 died in bed with another man’s wife. 6. Pope Stephen VI had predecessor disinterred, anathematized, placed on exhibition & mutilated. 7, Marozia (890-936)

  5. 10th Century Developments in the Church: 1. Eigenkirchen (my own church) in the West. 2. Bishop’s processional and entry at “Little Entrance”. 3. Eastern resurgence of Christian art: Pantocrator & Mother of God icons. 4. Differing policies on marriage. 5. Western heresy: Gottschalk & ‘double predestination’. 6. Eastern heresy: Bogomil & all matter is evil.

  6. Monasticism in the 10th Century: 1. West = response to fragmentation of the Empire & sad state of the papacy. East = response to political stability. 2. West = development of coenobitic orders. East = development of coenobitic, eremetic, stylos and hesychastic forms. 3. Western monastic center = Cluny. 4. Eastern monastic center = Mount Athos. 909 - Wm. Of Aquetaine St. John the Beloved & the Theotokos 859 - Euthymius the Younger 943 - Athanasios the Athonite 978 - Independence & support from East

  7. Christianity in Eastern Europe: 957: Russian Empress Olga visits Constantinople, becomes a Christian, builds Church of Holy Wisdom in Kiev 967: Grandson Vladimir becomes Prince, captures Cherson, requests Basil II’ daughter in marriage, is baptized, mass baptisms in Russia ensue 924: Wenceslas of Bohemia becomes a Christian 966: Polish King baptized 967: Czechoslovakia becomes Christian nation 995: Hungarian king becomes a Christian

  8. Approaching the Great Schism: 1. 1009: Patriarch of Constantinople eliminated names of Roman popes on his list of patriarchs, due to filioque. 1. 1049: Western Emperor Henry III deposed pope and installed Leo IX. 2. Leo an earnest reformer and good leader/administrator. 3. 1049: Synod of Reims accepted resignations of Western bishops who practiced simony. 3. Believed ‘Donation of Constantine’ genuine and referred to it in communication with Patriarch of Constantinople. 4. Leo, Henry III and Constantine IX negotiating alliance to defend against Norman invasion. Leo took Greek churches in Italy; Patriarch demanded Latin churches in Constantinople use Byzantine Rite.

  9. Approaching the Great Schism: ~1050: Bishop Nicetas of Nicomedia writes: “We do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy among the five sister patriarchates. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds, when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office. How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman Pontiff, seated on the lofty throne of his glory, wishes to thunder at us…and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our Churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleaseure, what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves, not the sons, of such a Church, and the Roman See would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves.”

  10. The Great Schism: - 1053: Leo sent Humbert & delegation to Constantinople to seek more conciliatory relationship. Leo died on April 19. - 1054: Humbert to Patriarch - Roman supremacy. Patriarch to Humbert - Delegation invalid as Leo died. June 16 - Humbert excommunicates Patriarch. - The Roman Church is permanently separated from the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem

  11. Protestantism Orthodox Christianity Roman Catholicism

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