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Acadia. The Great Deportation. Acadia, where you at?. Right over Here!. :). Background Info. The Mi’kmaq were the traditional people of Acadia and called their home territory Mi’kma’ki . In the 1600s, French settlers started farming and living in Acadia.
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Acadia The Great Deportation
Acadia, where you at? Right over Here! :)
Background Info • The Mi’kmaq were the traditional people of Acadia and called their home territory Mi’kma’ki. • In the 1600s, French settlers started farming and living in Acadia. • The British and French fought over it and control of Acadia went back and forth several times. • By 1713, Acadia was a British colony. They won it in a war against the French. • Britain changed Acadia’s name to Nova Scotia.
Acadia in the early 1700s • The Acadians had been farming and living in Acadia since 1604. • The French and the Mi’kmaq never fought. • Some Mi’kmaq and Acadians had even married. • The Acadians created their own way of life based on fishing and their unique way of farming.
Louisbourg • In 1720, France built a fortress called Louisbourg on what is now Cape Breton Island.
Oh no you didn’t! • Britain responded by building its own military base in 1749: Halifax.
The Acadians are Expelled • By 1750, 10 000 Acadians lived on the shores of the Bay of Fundy. • Britain wanted to populate Acadia with English-speaking people. • The Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence worried that the Acadians might take sides with the French in any future conflicts. • The Acadians had always refused to swear loyalty to the British Crown.
The Great Deportation • Charles Lawrence gave the Acadians an ultimatum: Swear your loyalty or lose your land! • The Acadians wished to remain neutral and they refused. This lead to le Grand Derangement – the Great Upheaval.
Canada: A People’s History • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JCGmyC7sC8 Episode 3-35:48
The Seven Years’ War 1756-1763
The Seven Years’ War • Territories Disputed: Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. • Superpowers involved: Britain, France, Spain, Prussia (Germany-ish), Austria. Other countries were involved too.
How the action start? • Louisbourg was captured by Britain in Summer, 1758. The fortress was surrounded and its supplies was cut off. • In Spring 1759, General James Wolfe led a fleet up the St. Lawrence to Quebec. The battle lasted for three months. • The French commander was the Marquis du Montcalm. His plan was to hold off until winter so Wolfe would have to retreat.
General James Wolfe • Wolfe was attacking a well-defended French fortress. • Quebec could not be surrounded like Louisbourg to cut off its supplies. • Wolfe needed to draw out the enemy so they could fight!
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm • Montcalm was on the defense. • He thought he was safe in his stone fortress.
The Siege of Quebec • The French and British fought for nine weeks. • Quebec was in ruins. • It was almost wintertime…
Wolfe’s plan: The British Soldiers would secretly go to a farmer’s field behind the fortress called The Plains of Abraham and attack the French while they were weak. • Around midnight on September 12, 1759, the British snuck up a steep hill to the field. • When the French woke up, they were surprised to see thousands of British soldiers.
Aftermath • Quebec was left in ruins. • The remaining French soldiers fell back to Montreal. • The French surrendered on September 8, 1760. • The Canadiens had created farms, roads, fur trading networks, churches and much more. They had laid the foundations for Canada.
First Nations and the war • First Nations fought in the wars with the British and the French. They even kept fighting the British after the French surrendered.
Pontiac • Pontiac was an Odawa First Nation who convinced other First Nations to fight a war against the British for the Ohio Valley (west of the 13 colonies).
“Englishmen, although you have conquered the French, you have not conquered us! We are not you r slaves. These lakes, these woods, and mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none.” -Pontiac used the words of Mineweh, an Anishinabe leader, to motivate First Nations to fight.
Pontiac’s Mission • He lay siege to Fort Detroit, first with 300 then 900 First Nations. He was unsuccessful but inspired other First Nations to fight against the British.
The Treaty of Paris • Montreal was surrendered in 1760, ending the fighting over New France. • In 1763, Britain and France signed a treaty in Paris. France gave up its claims in North America. • France got to keep Guadeloupe (in the Caribbean) and St. Pierre and Miquelon (near Newfoundland).
The Royal Proclamation of 1763Britain’s new rules for its colony from King George III. • New France became the province of Quebec. • Quebec was much smaller. • The interior was set aside for First Nations. • British Laws and courts replaced French systems. • The government would be an appointed governor and a council of advisors. • The Catholic Church could no longer tithe and Catholics could not have senior jobs in government.
The Quebec Act of 1774For when your Royal Proclamations don’t work. • The Canadiens couldn’t be “made” British just because the King said they were. They couldn’t be assimilated. • The people in the Thirteen colonies were getting restless and Britain didn’t want a rebellion in Quebec too. • Thus, Quebec Act of 1774!
Terms of The Quebec Act • Quebec became bigger in size. • Much of the land given to First Nations was now part of Quebec. • French language rights were recognized (the beginnings of bilingualism). • The seigneurial system stayed in place. • Catholics were given freedom of religion and could have government jobs. • French civil law would be used. • The Roman Catholic Church could tithe again and hold property.
