Chapter 13: Urbanization

1. Chapter 13: Urbanization Creating Livable Cities www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

2. Urbanization • it is the shift from rural living forming cities and towns. • arguably the single greatest change since transitioning from a nomadic hunter-gatherer becoming sedentary people introducing agriculture to our way of life.

3. Industrialization • overproduction of agricultural goods lead to the specialization of professions • leading to: • class structure • political hierarchies • urban centers • positive feedback: better technology= more and better paid jobs= more migration to the cities

4. Population in Developing Countries (2005-2007) www.aw-bc.com/Withgott

5. Geography of Urban Areas • Factors: • climate • topography • waterways • location, location, location • major river (Mississippi, Hudson, Ohio, Colorado) • sea coast (Gulf Coast) • railroad or highway • trading corridor (I-35)

6. To the Suburbs • 1950's • Pros • more space • economic opportunities • cheaper real estate • less crime • better schools

7. Cons • human impact on the environment • longer commute • need of car • congested traffic • pollution • lack of green space • health • land use • costs of infrastructure

8. DFW 1990 www.earthvisionllc.net

9. DFW 2000 www.earthvisionllc.net

10. DFW 2009 www.earthvisionllc.net

11. DFW 2014 www.earthvisionllc.net

12. Sprawl • "spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center." • causes for sprawl • number of people • highways- more people migrate • technology (internet)- can work from home • preference to space and privacy vs crowdedness • per capital land consumption • larger homes • larger cars • larger "stuff" like electric and electronic gadgets

13. Creating Livable Cities • city planning • parks and playgrounds • neighborhood conditions • traffic • mapping of railroads, bus lines and such

14. regional planning • same principles but in a much larger scale • metroplex • zoning

15. Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB) • intended to limit sprawl • contains future growth within already existing urbanized areas limiting costs of infrastructure • it can be adjusted according to needs

16. Pros • revitalizes downtown • preserves ecosystem: restoration via parks and reserves • protects farms and industry already there • ensures access to open spaces near city • "building up" • employment increased

17. Cons • costs of housing are increasing • density increases • size of lots/houses decrease

18. New Urbanism • designs neighborhoods with house, school, buisnesses and amenities close together • mimic the traditional urban layout that existed before the creation of suburbs • very dependant on public transportation

19. www.nctcog.org/TRANS Smart Growth • consists of building up, not out • develops existing communities • multistory shopping center and housing buildings • Addison Circle • mass transit is vital • cheaper, cleaner, efficient • predictable, fair and cost-effective spending • parks and open spaces • community collaboration in city development

20. Urban Sustainability • urbanization has positive and negative impacts • depends on • use of resources: cities are "resource sinks" • production of goods: inefficient • material transportation: inefficient • waste: more consumption= more waste

21. Pollution • some are exported • waste • air pollutants • some water & soil pollutants

22. wwwastro.caltech.edu/palomar • noise pollution • highways • light pollution San Diego L.A. Night view panorama from Palomar observatory www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar

23. Innovation • promoting education, technology and scientific research • renewable energy • pollution reduction • local and organic produce • recycling programs • environmentally friendly technologies • tax incentives (cash for clunkers) • waste recycling THE END