Intro to Livestock Nutrition

1. Intro to Livestock Nutrition Animal Production and Products Adv Animal Science

2. Nutrition and Livestock • Ruminants – animal with four-chambered stomachs • Cattle, sheep, goats, ungulates (deer, etc)

3. Nutrition and Livestock • Non-ruminants • Monogastrics – single, simple stomach • Pigs, people • Modified monogastrics – hindgut fermenters • Horses, rabbits

4. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Six chemical types needed by organisms to survive

5. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Chains of CHO’s • Sugars • Plants store sugars as starches • Animals store sugars as glycogen

6. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Monosaccharides = single sugars Glucose, galactose, fructose • Disaccharides = two-sugar sugars Lactose (glucose + galactose); Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) • Polysaccharides = many-sugar sugars Starch, cellulose, glycogen (glucose chains)

7. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Lipids • Fats and oils • Feeds • Vegetable oils, oil seeds, animal fat

8. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Protein • Needed for growth • Chains of amino acids (essential vs nonessential) • Feeds • Soybeans, soybean meal, legumes, animal protein

9. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Vitamins • Organic compounds that facilitate body functions • Fat soluble • A, D, E, K • Water soluble • B (1-12), C

10. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Minerals • Inorganic compounds needed for bodily functions • Macro versus micro (trace elements) • Toxicity vs Deficiency • Copper toxicity in sheep • Selenium deficiency in sheep

11. Nutritional Factors • Nutrients • Water • Sheep – up to 2 gallons/day • Cattle – 5-15 gallons/day (lactating Holsteins: 27 gallons a day) • Swine – market hogs require 2.5 gallons/day (sows can need up to 6 gallons/day) • Horses – 8-15 gallons/day

12. Energies • Gross Energy (GE) • Total energy in the feed unit • Example: 500 kcal/pound • 1 calorie = energy to heat 1 gram/ml of water 1 degree C

13. Energies • Digestible Energy (DE) • DE = GE – Fecal Energy • Fecal energy is energy found in the fecal matter that passed through the animal • Some feeds more digestible than others • Example: if GE= 500 kcal, and fecal energy = 200 kcal, then DE = ?

14. Energies • Metabolic Energy (ME) • ME = DE – Urinary energy – rumen gas energy • Rumen gas loss energy is usually in the form of methane, by product of microbes • Example: If DE = 300 kcal, and urinary energy = 18 kcal, and rumen gas energy is 36 kcal, then ME = ? The metabolizability of DE is usually ~82%

15. Energies • Net Energy (NE) • NE = ME – Heat loss/increment • Heat lost as part of the digestion process • Example: If ME = 246 kcal, and heat loss is 32 kcal, then NE = ?

16. Energies • Net Energy (NE) • NE is the energy available for 1) maintenance of the animal and 2) production/growth

17. Energies • The point? • The type of feed we feed, and the amount of energy present in that feed, affects how much energy the animal has to use to carry out its functions!

18. Types of Feeds • Roughages • Heavy cellulose forages (grasses, hays, silage) • Typically long-stemmed • Concentrates • Grains high in starches (corn, oats, rye, etc)

19. Types of Feed • Alfalfa pellets • Rice bran • Beet pulp pellets • Soybean meal • Alfalfa cubes • Cottonseed meal • Chopped hay • Wheat bran • Whole oats • Iodized salt • Rolled oats • Trace mineral salt • Whole barley • Salt w/selenium • Rolled barley • Rye • Whole corn • Wheat • Cracked corn • COB (a=wet, b=dry) • Rolled corn • Molasses • Linseed meal • Flax • Crimped oats