1. Boiler control and operation

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5. Air Flow Control/Oxygen Trim * Steam - Pressure * Steam - Temperature * Feed Water and Drum Level * Fuel Oil Flow Control Fuel Gas Flow Control

6. Combustion control

7. Air Flow Control/Oxygen Trim Excess-air regulation Oxygen trim Optimize excess air Burner modulation Air/fuel cross-limiting

8. Combustion control

9. Combustion control

10. Steam – Pressure Control sometimes called “boiler master” Maintain steam pressure By adjusting fuel and combustion air flows When the pressure drops, the flows are increased. Steam pressure sensor acts directly on fuel and air flow controls. Final control devices Fuel: pulverizer Air: forced draft fan

11. Steam – Pressure Control

12. Steam – Temperature Control Factors affecting the steam temperature Boiler load Excess air Feedwater temperature Cleanliness of heating surface Steam temperature control Gas bypass Buner control Attemperation Gas recirculation Excess air Divided furnace

13. Too low a level may expose boiler tubes, which overheats and damages them Too high a level may interfere with separating moisture from steam The optimum ,half of sight glass outside the drum Feed Water and Drum Level

14. Boiler drum-level control drum-level control single-element drum-level control two-element drum-level control three-element

15. drum-level control single-element Figure : Drum-level control with a single-element module.

16. drum-level control two-element Figure : Drum-level control with a two-element module

17. drum-level control three-element Figure : Drum-level control with a three-element module.

18. Thank You