Chapter 4 Section 1

1. Chapter 4 Section 1 Learning Goal: Students will be able to understand the causes and outcomes of the Civil War and the impact Reconstruction had on the nation.

3. Controversy over Slavery Worsens • • Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor • • Industrialized North does not depend on slavery • • South tries to spread slavery in West • • North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread • California • Applies for statehood as a free state in 1849, angers South

5. The Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay # 31 – “the Great Compromiser” • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory • Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union • Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides • California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted • Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah

6. Fugitive Slave Act • Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned • Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada

7. What would you do? • #1 Family – Spouse, 2 children ages 4 & 8, you live in Atlanta Georgia • #2 You’re single. 25 miles away is the border of a free state.

8. The Underground Railroad • Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South • Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans • Helped 300 slaves, including her parents Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests #41

9. Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Missouri Compromise (1831) • Maine = free state, Missouri = slave • Rest of Louisiana Territory = split at 36 30 line • South = slave, North = free • Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36 30’ line, closed to slavery • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery “Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas

10. Think, Pair, Share • The United States will be adding Canada as its 51st state. Can you think of another topic other than slavery that would cause Americans to move to Canada to influence the state’s outcome????

11. Violence in the Senate • Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler • Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor • "When crime and criminals are thrust before us they are to be met by all the energies that God has given us by argument, scorn, sarcasm and denunciation."

12. Slavery Divides Whigs • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 • Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories • Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery

13. The Free-Soilers’ Voice • Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers The New Republican Party • Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories • Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted

15. The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom • Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen • North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery

16. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln • Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave • Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment

17. Harper’s Ferry • John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859) • Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed #78

18. Lincoln Is Elected President • 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes Southern Secession • 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861 • Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy