Vectors, Lists, and Sequences

1. Vectors, Lists, and Sequences

2. Vectors: Outline and Reading • The Vector ADT (§6.1.1) • Array-based implementation (§6.1.2)

3. The Vector ADT extends the notion of array by storing a sequence of arbitrary objects An element can be accessed, inserted or removed by specifying its rank (number of elements preceding it) An exception is thrown if an incorrect rank is specified (e.g., a negative rank) Main vector operations: elemAtRank(int r): returns the element at rank r without removing it replaceAtRank(int r, Object o): replace the element at rank r with o insertAtRank(int r, Object o): insert a new element o to have rank r removeAtRank(int r): removes the element at rank r Additional operations size() and isEmpty() The Vector ADT

4. Applications of Vectors • Direct applications • Sorted collection of objects (simple database) • Indirect applications • Auxiliary data structure for algorithms • Component of other data structures

5. Use an array V of size N A variable n keeps track of the size of the vector (number of elements stored) Operation elemAtRank(r) is implemented in O(1) time by returning V[r] Array-based Vector N-1 0 V 0 1 2 n r

6. Array based Vector: Insertion • In operation insertAtRank(r,o) we need to make room for the new element by shifting forward the n - r elements V[r], …, V[n -1] • In the worst case (r =0), this takes O(n) time V 0 1 2 n r V 0 1 2 n r V o 0 1 2 n r

7. V 0 1 2 n r V 0 1 2 n r V o 0 1 2 n r Deletion • In operation removeAtRank(r) we need to fill the hole left by the removed element by shifting backward the n - r -1 elements V[r +1], …, V[n -1] • In the worst case (r =0), this takes O(n) time

8. Performance • In the array based implementation of a Vector • The space used by the data structure is O(n) • Size(), isEmpty(), elemAtRank(r) and replaceAtRank(r,o) run in O(1) time • insertAtRank(r,o) and removeAtRank(r) run in O(n) time • If we use the array in a circular fashion,insertAtRank(0,o) and removeAtRank(0) run in O(1) time • In an insertAtRank(r,o) operation, when the array is full, instead of throwing an exception, we can replace the array with a larger one

9. Exercise: • Implement the Deque ADT using Vector functions • Deque functions: • first(), last(), insertFirst(e), insertLast(e), removeFirst(), removeLast(), size(), isEmpty() • Vector functions: • elemAtRank( r), replaceAtRank(r,e), insertAtRank(r,e), removeAtRank(r ), size(), isEmpty()

10. Exercise Solution: • Implement the Deque ADT using Vector functions • Deque functions: first(), last(), insertFirst(e), insertLast(e), removeFirst(), removeLast(), size(), isEmpty() • Vector functions: elemAtRank( r), replaceAtRank(r,e), insertAtRank(r,e), removeAtRank(r ), size(), isEmpty() • Deque function : Realization using Vector Functions • size() and isEmpty() fcns can simply call Vector fcns directly • first() => elemAtRank(0) • last() => elemAtRank(size()-1) • insertFirst(e) => insertAtRank(0,e) • insertLast(e) => insertAtRank(size(), e) • removeFirst() => removeAtRank(0) • removeLast() => removeAtRank(size()-1)

11. STL vector class • Functions in the STL vector class (incomplete) • Size(), capacity() - return #elts in vector, #elts vector can hold • empty() - boolean • Operator[r] - returns reference to elt at rank r (no index check) • At( r) - returns reference to elt at rank r (index checked) • Front(), back() - return references to first/last elts • push_back(e) - insert e at end of vector • pop_back() - remove last elt • vector(n) - creates a vector of size n • Similarities & Differences with book’s Vector ADT • STL assignment v[r]=e is equivalent to v.replaceAtRank(r,e) • No direct STL counterparts of insertAtRank( r) & removeAtRank( r) • STL also provides more general fcns for inserting & removing from arbitrary positions in the vector - these use iterators

12. An iterator abstracts the process of scanning through a collection of elements Methods of the ObjectIterator ADT: boolean hasNext() object next() reset() Extends the concept of position by adding a traversal capability An iterator is typically associated with an another data structure We can augment the Stack, Queue, Vector, and other container ADTs with method: ObjectIterator elements() Two notions of iterator: snapshot: freezes the contents of the data structure at a given time dynamic: follows changes to the data structure Iterators

13. Iterators • Some functions supported by STL containers • begin(), end() - return iterators to beginning or end of container • insert(I,e) - insert e just before the position indicated by iterator I (analogous to our insertBefore(p)) • erase(I) - removes the element at the position indicated by I (analogous to our remove(p)) • The functions can be used to insert/remove elements from arbitrary positions in the STL vector and list

14. Vector Summary • Vector Operation Complexity for Different Implementations

15. Lists and Sequences

16. Outline and Reading • Singly linked list • Position ADT (§6.2.1) • List ADT (§6.2.2) • Sequence ADT (§6.3.1) • Implementations of the sequence ADT (§6.3.2-3) • Iterators (§6.2.5)

17. The Position ADT models the notion of place within a data structure where a single object is stored A special null position refers to no object. Positions provide a unified view of diverse ways of storing data, such as a cell of an array a node of a linked list Member functions: Object& element(): returns the element stored at this position bool isNull(): returns true if this is a null position Position ADT

18. The List ADT models a sequence of positions storing arbitrary objects establishes a before/after relation between positions It allows for insertion and removal in the “middle” Query methods: isFirst(p), isLast(p) Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Accessor methods: first(), last() before(p), after(p) Update methods: replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q) insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o) remove(p) List ADT (§6.2.2)

19. List ADT • Query methods: • isFirst(p), isLast(p) : • return boolean indicating if the given position is the first or last, resp. • Accessor methods • first(), last(): • return the position of the first or last, resp., element of S • an error occurs if S is empty • before(p), after(p): • return the position of the element of S preceding or following, resp, the one at position p • an error occurs if S is empty, or p is the first or last, resp., position

20. List ADT • Update Methods • replaceElement(p, o) • Replace the element at position p with e • swapElements(p, q) • Swap the elements stored at positions p & q • insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), • Insert a new element o into S before or after, resp., position p • Output: position of the newly inserted element • insertFirst(o), insertLast(o) • Insert a new element o into S as the first or last, resp., element • Output: position of the newly inserted element • remove(p) • Remove the element at position p from S

21. Exercise: • Describe how to implement the following list ADT operations using a singly-linked list • list ADT operations: first(), last(), before(p), after(p) • For each operation, explain how it is implemented and provide the running time next node elem • A singly linked list consists of a sequence of nodes • Each node stores • element • link to the next node head tail  Leonard Sheldon Howard Raj

22. Exercise: • Describe how to implement the following list ADT operations using a doubly-linked list • list ADT operations: first(), last(), before(p), after(p) • For each operation, explain how it is implemented and provide the running time next prev • Doubly-Linked List Nodes implement Position and store: • element • link to previous node • link to next node • Special head/tail nodes elem node tail head Howard Raj Leonard Sheldon

23. Performance • In the implementation of the List ADT by means of a doubly linked list • The space used by a list with n elements is O(n) • The space used by each position of the list is O(1) • All the operations of the List ADT run in O(1) time • Operation element() of the Position ADT runs in O(1) time

24. STL list class • Functions in the STL list class • size() - return #elements in list, empty() - boolean • front(), back() - return references to first/last elements • push_front(e), push_back(e) - insert e at front/end • pop_front(), pop_back() - remove first/last element • List() - creates an empty list • Similarities & Differences with book’s List ADT • STL front() & back() correspond to first() & last() except the STL functions return the element & not its position • STL push() & pop() are equiv to List ADT insert and remove when applied to the beginning & end of the list • STL also provides functions for inserting & removing from arbitrary positions in the list - these use iterators

25. List Summary • List Operation Complexity for different implementations

26. The Sequence ADT is the union of the Vector and List ADTs Elements accessed by Rank, or Position Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Vector-based methods: elemAtRank(r), replaceAtRank(r, o), insertAtRank(r, o), removeAtRank(r) List-based methods: first(), last(), before(p), after(p), replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q), insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o), remove(p) Bridge methods: atRank(r), rankOf(p) Sequence ADT

27. Applications of Sequences • The Sequence ADT is a basic, general-purpose, data structure for storing an ordered collection of elements • Direct applications: • Generic replacement for stack, queue, vector, or list • small database (e.g., address book) • Indirect applications: • Building block of more complex data structures

28. Sequence Implementations