GCSE PE Mock Exam Revision Anatomy & Physiology Physical Training

1. GCSE PE Mock Exam Revision Anatomy & Physiology Physical Training

2. Functions of the skeleton The skeleton performs many functions in the body. 1. Support – The skeleton supports the muscles. 2. Protection – The skeleton protects delicate parts of the body like the brain. 3. Movement – Muscles are attached to the bones and once contracting allows movement. 4. Posture – The skeleton gives us our shape/size and helps us remain upright. 5. Mineral storage – vital minerals such as Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones. 6. Blood cell production – blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

3. Structure of the skeleton A (synovial) joint is…. “A joint is a place where two or more bones meet” The skeletal system has a number of joints which are responsible for the huge range of movement. There are several different types of joint in the body which allow different types of movement.

4. Hinge joints and movement types Hinge joints - only allow flexion and extension movement like the hinge on a door. Examples found in the body: The knee and elbow. Why are these joints important for sport? These joint are extremely powerful and in conjunction with surrounding muscles can produce power and speed i.e. Knee drive during a 100m sprint

5. Ball & socket joints and movement types Ball and socket joint - the rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end. Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions. These are the most mobile joints in the body. Examples found in the body: Shoulders and hips. Why are these joints important for sport? Most sporting movements require the type of movement the shoulder and hip allow. i.e. tennis serve

7. The Skeleton

8. Voluntary Muscles Pectorals Triceps Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Bicep Gluteals Abdominals Hamstring Quadriceps Gastrocnemius

9. Types of Movement

10. Antagonistic muscle action There are three important features to a joint. The agonist, antagonist and fixator muscle. At the elbow joint, the agonist is the bicep muscle. The tricep here is the antagonist The AGONIST starts the movement. The ANTAGONIST relaxes during the movement. The function of a fixator muscle is to stabilise the origin of the agonist muscle so that it can move efficiently. i.e. the rotator cuff in the deltoid region for the shoulder.

11. Antagonistic muscle action Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens) i.e. Bicep and Tricep

12. The Respiratory System - The Pathway of Air Oxygen travels along the following pathway from the mouth/nose to the alveoli. Bronchi Nose Mouth Bronchioles Trachea Lungs Alveoli

13. The mechanics of breathing Breathing is the first stage in supplying oxygen to our body cells. When breathing in (inspiration):

14. The mechanics of breathing When breathing out (expiration):

15. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

16. The mechanics of breathing The lungs can expand more during inspiration due to the use of the diaphragm and assisted by the intercostal muscles. Changes in air pressure also assists inhalation and exhalation.

17. Short term effects of exercise – Respiratory system The short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system: Increase in respiratory rate Increase in minute ventilation Increase in tidal volume

18. Short term effects of exercise – Respiratory system Increase in depth and frequency of breathing Exercise causes an increase in breathing rate and depth of breathing. Breathing rate can increase up to 50 per minute!!

20. Arteries and Veins Below is a summary of the differences between arteries and veins

21. Short term effects of exercise – Cardiovascular system The short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system: Increase in heart rate Increase in stroke volume Increase in cardiac output

22. Short term effects of exercise – Cardiovascular system Increase in heart rate As we start exercising heart rate increases and beats with greater force. Exercise makes the body work harder and therefore muscles require more oxygen to continue to work effectively.

23. Long term effects of exercise Regular training can impact on the body in the following ways: 1. Increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy) The cardiac muscle in a trained athlete is larger and stronger. Each beat forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart.

24. Long term effects of exercise 2. Decreased resting heart rate and stroke volume The increased size of the heart means it takes less beats in a minute to supply the body with enough oxygen at rest.

25. Long term effects of exercise 3. Improvements in specific components of fitness Improvements in muscular strength, endurance and aerobic capacity can all be developed through training.

26. Long term effects of exercise 4. Increased bone density Regular training will strengthen bone matter usually through lifting weights or using weight machines.

27. Long term effects of exercise 5. Heart Rate Recovery

28. Long term effects of exercise 5. Heart Rate Recovery Training will result in heart rate recovering quicker after exercise.

29. Long term effects of exercise 6. Healthy Veins and Arteries Long term training will result in the blood vessels becoming more flexible and efficient.

30. Long term effects of exercise The respiratory system adapts in the following ways after sustained training: 7. Efficient gaseous exchange at the alveoli. This allows better delivery of oxygen and removal of Carbon dioxide to and from working muscles. 8. Increased tidal volume and minute ventilation during exercise. An athlete lung size will increase and as a result so will their Tidal Volume and ability to provide a steady flow of oxygenated blood.

31. Long term effects of exercise The body alsoadapts in the following ways after sustained training:

32. COMPONENTS OF FITNESS