1. Negotiation of Meanings:Towards Discourse Competence hagustien@yahoo.com

2. Communicative Competence • Communicative competence is discourse competence • Discourse is communication • Communication is an act of creating text (conversation, monologue, essay) • To create a text one has to negotiate meanings

3. Text • is a semantic unit • is meaningful • makes sense • occurs in context of situation • Occurs in context of culture

4. Negotiation • Negotiating means responding. • The responding act can be done interpersonally and logico-semantically. • These lie at the heart of communicative competence • These are the focus of language education.

5. Negotiating Interpersonally Tamaraisbeautiful. Subject Finite MOODRESIDUE A: Tamara is beautiful. B: No, she is not. C: Is she? D: Well, she may be beautiful. E: She could be. People say so. F: She must be.

6. Negotiating Interpersonally A: Somebodybrokemyruler B: Ididn’tdo it. A: Whodid? B: Somebodydid. A : May be Sam

7. Negotiating Logico-semantically What is your name? My name isSekar.

8. Old and New Information Once upon a time, there was a little girl called Goldilocks. She was beautiful and very brave. Near herhouse, there was a jungle. In the jungle, there lived the Bear family: Papa bear, Mama Bear and Baby Bear.

9. Spoken Transactional conv. Interpersonal conv. Short functional texts Monologues Written Short functional texts Essays of different genres Communicating

10. Genre • Communicative purpose • Text structure • Linguistic Features

11. Developing Competence? • Developing negotiating skills • Raising awareness of genres (purpose) • Making students speak and write with sense of audience (make audience understand what they mean)