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Labor Forces

This chapter explores the different aspects of labor forces, including labor quality and quantity, labor mobility, American policies on immigration, refugee and asylum seekers, the concept of brain drain, guest workers, labor force productivity, social status considerations, sexism and racism in the workplace, minorities in traditional sciences, employer-employee relationships, labor unions, multinational labor activities, and worker participation.

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Labor Forces

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  1. Labor Forces Chapter 12

  2. Terms to Know • Labor Quality • Labor Quantity • Labor Mobility

  3. Labor Mobility • 1945-1970s--30 million workers • Two groups • Foreign-born • Foreign • Immigration • 11.5% • Naturalization • U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services • Two missions • Illegal immigrants

  4. American Policies • History • Federal Law • 1921 • 1965 • 1986 • Visa Types • B visa • E visa • F visa • H visa • I visa • J visa • L visa

  5. American Policies • Immigrant Visas • Refugee/Asylum Seekers • 75 million • Historical trends • Requirements • Population trends • U.N. High Commission for Refugees

  6. Immigration • Fueled economy • Brain Drain • What is it? • Why does it happen • Example: Jamaica • Reverse Brain Drain • Why is it occurring? • Guest Workers • Why use them? • Problems

  7. Labor Force Productivity • “How many acceptable units are produced by a worker during a given time and cost per unit.” • Forces

  8. Considerations in Employment Policies • Social Status • Sexism • Racism • Minorities in Traditional Studies • Developing Nations

  9. Social Status • Great Britain • India • Caste system • Brahmin • Kshatriyac • Bania • Shudra • Rules • Japan • Warrior-samauri • Farmers and artisans • Merchants • “Dirty” occupations

  10. Sexism • Extremes • Maternity and Family Leave • Women’s education • Global literacy rates • Opportunities in decision-making

  11. Racism • Does globalization reduce it?

  12. Minorities in Traditional Sciences • Traditional Sciences • What are they? • Use of minorities to create inroads • Advantages • Disadvantages

  13. Developing Countries • What is causing problems? • Effects of higher education

  14. Employer-Employee Relationships • Importance of Preparation • Labor market • Research • What to look for? • Labor trends

  15. Labor Unions • Europe • Political • Government active • United States • More pragmatic • Collective bargaining • Japan • Enterprise-based • Focus on company • Least satisfied

  16. Labor Unions • Membership Trends • Union free businesses • Women and teenagers • Union success • Knowledge economy

  17. Multinational Labor Activities • Globalization Effects • Union Response • European Union • European Trade Union Conference • AFL-CIO • International Labor Organization • What does it do? • Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD • What does it do? • Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and income? • Unions • IMF

  18. Worker Participation • Codetermination • Originated in Europe • How does it work? • Expansion • U.S.? • Works Councils • Objective: • Two forms • Spreading to the U.S.?

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