Cx Energy Conference . High Performance Lighting: Lamp Source & Energy Usage

1. Cx Energy Conference.High Performance Lighting:Lamp Source & Energy Usage Howard Wolfman, PE Lumispec Consulting h.wolfman@ieee.org 847 656 5753

2. Learning Objectives By the end of this hour you should • Understand the different efficiency or efficacies in light source systems and plan for maximum lighting efficiency for each application • Recognize the important performance characteristics of light source systems and select those that are needed for a specific application • Understand the relative cost implications of different light source systems and make an educated decision as to which system to utilize • Learn about the impact of mandatory and voluntary lighting regulations and standards, and their impact on lighting system selection

3. Disclaimer • Although I list a number of manufacturers and models, these are examples and none are endorsed. There are other manufactures with similar products • Also, I do not have any financial arrangement or consulting agreements with any of these manufacturers (friendships with some – yes)

4. Energy Use and Cost for Lighting Systems in Commercial Buildings Cost of lamps (bulbs & tubes) and labor cost to replace them is small percentage of total operating costs. Electricity to operate lighting systems far outweighs lamp and labor costs. The higher purchase price of efficient lamps is quickly recovered through lower electricity costs.

5. GOAL: To safely place the correct amount and type of light where it is needed, when it is needed, and for the lowest life cycle cost • Need: • Consistency in products • Cost-effective products • Quality in products • Reliability in products • Then products will: • Allow interchangeability of system components • Provide “superior” lighting

6. User Lighting Goal • Save money • Reduce power consumption • Reduce maintenance • Provide “proper” level of illumination • Safe • Adequate light level • Be environmentally friendly

7. Definitions

8. Definitions • Light Sources • CCT (CorrelatedColor Temperature) • CRI (Color Rendering Index) • Efficacy • Lamp life • Lumen Depreciation/Lumen Maintenance

9. Light Sources • Incandescent • HID • Fluorescent • CFL • LED

10. - Terminology CCT(CorrelatedColor Temperature) - Kelvin (K) • Color temperature – a measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” provided by the lamp, expressed in Kelvin (K). • Generally, sources below 3200K are considered “warm” while those above 4000K are considered “cool.” • The higher the color temperature, the “cooler” or bluer the light. • Also called “Chromaticity”

11. - Terminology Color Temperature by Application SSL SSL SSL SSL SSL New area: Human Centric Lighting

12. - Terminology CRI (Color Rendering Index) • Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a measure of how well a lamp renders color. • A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do in sunlight. • CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar color temperature.

13. Source: IES

14. Light Source Color Summary CRI CCT (°K) Natural daylight 100 5000o– 8500o Mercury vapor 20 - 50 4000o– 6000o Metal halide 65 – 93 2900o– 6500o Fluorescent 70 - 96 3000o– 8000o Incandescent 100 2500o– 3000o Induction 802700o– 5000o Standard HPS 22 2200o LED 70 - 903000o– 8000o Low pressure sodium -441700o Source: BOC

15. Lamp Characteristics:LPW & Average Rated Life Lumens Per Watt (LPW) light output (lumens) LPW = power input (watts) Average Rated Life for Incandescent, HID, and Fluorescent is the point in time at which 50% of a large group of lamps have failed. Ratings in catalogs are result of standard lab tests. (Ex: Fluorescent lamps 20,000 hrs. @ 3 hrs./start) Rated life for LED is when lumen output has dropped to 70%, or L70 Source: BOC

16. Definition of life-traditional light sources Source: IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition

17. Light Source Lifetimes

18. Efficacy of Light Sources DOE SSL R&D Multi-Year Program Plan (2012-04, www.ssl.energy.gov/techroadmaps.html)

19. Lamp Characteristics: Lumen Maintenance (lumen light depreciation) Most lamps lose ability to produce light after burning for some time Lumen maintenance measures the rate of depreciation and indicates the remaining light output LLD = mean lumens** initial lumens* Ex: 32-W T8 Fluorescent 2,775 LLD = = 0.95 2,900 *Initial lumens measured at 100 hrs **Mean lumens measured at 40% rated life Source: BOC

20. - Human Needs Comfort Issues • Adequate Illumination • Lake of Glare • Color Recognition • Eyestrain relief from the ability to change focus from close (computer screen) to distance (wall/window)

21. Light Levels:Considerations Proper light levels required ■IESNA recommendations ■State/local standards Where light levels are correct, visual tasks are easier. Too little is bad - cannot see, eye strain too much is bad – glare, wastes energy Source: BOC

22. - Lighting Types High Intensity Discharge (HID) • An HID lamp relies on light emitted by a gas or vapor that has been excited by an electric current • Long life, high efficacy, and small in physical size • Warm up (2-6 minutes) and “restrike” (up to 20 minutes) • Point source -glare

23. - Lighting Types High Intensity Discharge (HID) • The most common types of HID lamps are • Mercury Vapor, • Metal Halide • High Pressure Sodium • Low Pressure Sodium.

24. Lumen Depreciation-HID Lamps Source: IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition

25. Solid State Lighting SSL - LED

26. Collectively, what have we learned so far and what do we need going forward?

27. Why SSL • Rapid ongoing improvements DOE SSL R&D Multi-Year Program Plan (2012-04, www.ssl.energy.gov/techroadmaps.html)

28. SSL Penetration - future Source: DOE

29. LED luminaire efficacy Source: DOE

30. Performance Drives LED Cost Roadmap ($/lm) Working on both numerator and denominator!! $/lm, normalized (Cool White, 6500K) Efficacy (LPW) Source: Cree

31. Driving LPW Makes Systems Cheaper. A Lot Cheaper. Fewer LEDs & optics for the same system (Hypothetical Example) Source: Cree

32. A Real Example 3 2 3 • 2007 • 42LEDs • 650 lm • 12W 5 • 2011 • 8LEDs • 650 lm • 10.5W 10W 9.5W $39.97 $19.97 >$100 Commercial Wholesale $49.97 Retail Source: Cree

33. LED Cost Conclusions • LED costs have been coming down rapidly over the last 3 years – typical semiconductor learning curve • Luminous Flux and therefore LPW efficacy have also been improving dramatically – 200 LPW is now in production • Since cost is measured in lumens per dollar, working on both the numerator and denominator simultaneously have yielded over 40% year-on-year gains for the past several years • Every time LEDs are made 10% brighter they also become 10% cheaper because you need 10% fewer LEDs per luminaire system • Taking LEDs out of a system is a much stronger lever on cost than simply reducing the cost of LEDs because 10% fewer LEDs also means 10% fewer optics, smaller and cheaper housings and PWB assemblies, etc. • Increasing efficacy reduces the size, weight, cost of heat sinks

34. Heat • Stated very simply, heat is death to electronics and LEDs are electronics – transistors • For every 10°C increase in temperature over a component’s rated temperature, the component’s life is reduced by half

35. Dimming of LEDs • Good News • LEDs love dimming • Dimming reduces the LED junction temperature • Saves additional power/energy • Should increase LED life and color stability • Bad News • Not all LED systems are compatible with all dimmers • Need to get compatibility assurance from luminaire/dimmer manufacturer

36. Warranties • 10 years @ 24 X 7 X 365 = 87,600 hours • What is covered • “Limited” warranty • What is not covered Source: Stephen Naor Leapfrog Lighting

37. Glare

38. Glare • Incandescent/HID/LED - point light source • Proper defusing • Proper focusing • Control • Curfew

39. Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO)

40. Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires Version 1.0 October 2011 • This document is intended to be used as a model or template specification. • It should be customized as needed to meet the needs of each owner, • The template is composed of two separate documents: • The body of the specification and appendix • The Editor may choose ONE of two versions of Appendix A, depending on available information • System Specification (application efficacy), which characterizes luminaire performance based on site characteristics such as mounting height, pole spacing, number of drive lanes, input power, and required light levels and uniformity. • Material Specification (luminaire efficacy), which characterizes luminaire performance without consideration of site characteristics.

41. BUG RATINGS – Backlight, Uplight, and Glare IES-TM-15 and addenda) An attempt to define, measure, and control unwanted light

42. Focused vs. spread lighting - Uniformity • Minimize the number of metrics used • Avoid using metrics and criteria which may overlap and conflict • For example, if a minimum lumens value is specified for a parking lot luminaire, high-performance products which improve uniformity (thereby needing fewer lumens) might be inadvertently excluded from consideration

43. What we don’t want!!!!! • Spot LED failures • Complete luminaire Failures • Driver

44. Retrofit 400 MH toT8 Fluorescent Example Before After Industrial fixtures e/w 6 – F32T8 lamps (224-watts/fixture) 50 FC CRI = 85 High-bay fixtures e/w 400-w metal halide (458-watts/fixture) 30 FC CRI = 65 Source: BOC

45. HID & Incandescentto T5HO Fluorescent Before After 42, 4-lamp T5HO fixtures 234-w 4, 6-lamp T5HO fixtures 351-w (all e/w wire grills) 11,932 W 54, 400-w HPS HB fixtures 465-w 6, 400-w MH HB fixtures 458-w 4, 500-w Incand fixtures 500-w 29,859 W Source: BOC

46. Standards and Specifications

47. FLICKER • IEEE working on P1789, "Recommending practices for modulating current in High Brightness LEDs for mitigating health risks to viewers"  • grouper.ieee.org/groups/1789/ • DOE - PNNL has been working on this and is continuing to work on this • Testing methods • Metrics • Good webinars • www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/webcasts.html • ledsmagazine.com/features/9/10/5

48. ANSI C82.377 • This standard specifies the range of chromaticities recommended for general indoor lighting with SSL products, as well as to ensure that the white light chromaticities of the products can be communicated to consumers • This standard applies to LED-based SSL productswith control electronics and heat sinks incorporated--that is, those devices that require only AC mains power or a DC voltage power supply to operate • This document does not cover products that require external operating circuits or additional external heat sinks. • The chromaticity requirement in this standard is for general indoor lighting applications. For other applications, chromaticities of light broader than the range specified in this standard are often acceptable

49. NEMA SSL – 1, ELECTRONIC DRIVERS FOR LED DEVICES, ARRAYS, OR SYSTEMS • Provides specifications for and operating characteristics of non-integral electronic drivers (power supplies) for LED devices, arrays, or systems • However, the driver generally is or contains the weakest link in the luminaire system – electronic components and the electrolytic capacitor. • Electronic components and heat • +10º C = life/2 Weakest part of a LED product

50. IEEE P1789 - Recommended Practice of Modulating Current in High Brightness LED’s for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers • Under development – estimate late 2014 publish date • There are no standards on safe modulating frequencies for LEDs. Driving frequencies suggested by vendors, range from very low to high frequencies. Past work has shown that modulation at low frequencies can cause health related problems, such as headaches, eye strain and epileptic seizure. • The detrimental effects depend on factors such as brightness, angle of viewing, wavelength, depth of modulation, among others. The purpose of this standard is to 1) describe some possible health risks, such as headaches, eye strain and epileptic seizure, associated with low frequency modulation of LEDs in different applications and 2) provide recommended practices to aid design of LED driving systems to modulate at safe frequencies for their particular applications in order to protect against the described health risks.