A. Definition

2. Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. Differentiation

3. Figure 3.1

4. C. Generalized Parts

5. Figure 3.2

6. II. Cell Membrane A. Structure

7. 1. Molecular Make-up &Function Figure 3.3

8. B. Specializations - Junctions

9. 1. Tight =Fusingof neighboring cell membranes together Figure 3.5a

10. 2. Desmosome= Fibersconnecting cell membranes together Figure 3.5b

11. 3. Gap = Tubularconnections of neighboring cells Figure 3.5c

12. C. Specializations - Extensions

13. 1. Microvilli= short non-moving membrane foldingto increase cell’s overall surface area 2. Cilia= long, moving internal cellular extensionsto move something across the cell surface

14. 3. Flagella = move the entire cell

15. D. Function 1.Generalized

16. Figure 3.4

17. 2.Passive Transport

18. a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Molecules b. Mechanisms=Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

19. Figure 3.7

20. Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 3.8a Figure 3.8b

21. Osmotic conditions Figure 3.9

22. 3.Active Transport

23. a. Requirements= Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient b. Mechanisms = Molecular,Bulk(Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated

24. Molecular Figure 3.10

25. Bulk Endocytosis Cell-Mediated Exocytosis Figure 3.12

26. III. Cytoplasmic Components A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm

27. Consistency  like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water 1.Consistency 2.Molecular Make-up

28. B. Organelles 1.Membrane Bound

29. a. Mitochondria=Energy Transformer Figure 3.17

30. b. Endomembrane System= rER, sER, and Golgi

31. c. House cleaners =LysosomeorPeroxisome

32. d. Nucleus= the keeper of the plans Envelope, nucleolus, andpores Figure 3.29

33. Euchromatinvs.Heterochromatin The plans

34. e. Vacuoles= Cell storage sites Food (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)

35. 2.Non-membrane Bound

36. a. Cytoskeleton

37. b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes

38. IV. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages

39. The Cell Cycle Figure 3.31

40. C. Time Allotment & Control

41. External controls  outside influence What could be a signal?

42. Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.

43. Internal controls == internal clock Cyclin Cdk MPF

44. D. Cancer

45. Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic

46. V. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases & Events

47. Mitosisinterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase, and telophase

48. Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2of cell cycle Prophase =condense chromosomes,dismantle the nuclear membrane, andstart to build spindle from centrioles Metaphase =attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equator Anaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase

49. VI. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Events