1 / 23

main

main. LABOUR. Labor is a process originally feasible due to the innate human ability for creative purposeful transformation of the objects of nature.

snana
Télécharger la présentation

main

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. main

  2. LABOUR Labor is a process originally feasible due to the innate human ability for creative purposeful transformation of the objects of nature. Making nests, burrows and search of food in animal's world are not labour processes, since they are based on instinct. Animals can not set goals that go beyond their usual subsistence, they have not a creativity and imagination. As a non-alienated elements of nature, they subsist and evolve according to its laws. Similarly, machinery work is not the labor process since the machine performs a predetermined function. Labour is the human ability to transform the substances and elements of nature Human's alienation from nature is the basic premise of labour as the form of relations with this active environment. Labour

  3. LABOUR Labour potential is the ability of human, group of people, or the whole society to transform the nature creatively and purposefully for getting a qualitatively new things to meet the needs of the human community. But this definition is incomplete without considering the specific human internal striving and ability to self-develop that can be implemented entirely through labor. The implementation rate of this striving is the measure of social progress, and that is also an indicator of the dynamics of the labor potential of society. Labour is a creative force of human Creative Force

  4. WORK The full independence of each individual in the process of production is unfeasible since such a society would do little to create complex machines, to use a qualitatively new technologies, and the scientific discoveries would remain unimplemented. Thus, in modern society it's impossible to attain a full self-determination of individuals in the process of public production due to it's complexity, that assumes the division of labor and it's inevitable alienation. This means the labour is turned into the totality of certain functions for the majority of participants. Work is an alienated Labour when the product does not belong to the worker, and the process of work is determined by external force (administrative or technical requirements), and the goal of the worker is to receive a remuneration. Work

  5. Criteria Motivation Remuneration The Product WORK LABOUR The Result Alienated Not alienated Determination of functions and processes External Internal by human himself by supervisor My concept

  6. Thus, the employment potential of the society, in general, is growing due to workers self-denial from the development of their individual faculties, and their voluntary participation in public production as the performers of stranger creative will. There is a separation the "smart" functions from the "mechanical"; decision-making from the execution of externally defined actions, and function of goal-setting from all others. Community turns into social organism, with a certain differentiation of functions between its parts. Social Organizm

  7. Labour, in economics, the general body of wage earners. It is in this sense, for example, that one speaks of “organized labour.” Nature In a more special and technical sense, however, labour means any valuable service rendered by a human element in the production of wealth, other than accumulating and providing capital or assuming the risks that are a normal part of business undertakings. The Public Production Labour Capital Labour Force

  8. Thus, the labour potential is measured by the creative component of human activity. The creative component is related to the complexity, ie, the labor potential is greater, the more complex labor processes the community can perform, and vice versa. In economic terms, this is manifested in the added value, that means, the more complexity of production process and the end product, the higher share of value added in the resulting product. The method of integration the individuals in public production influences the aggregate value of labor potential. This brings to the fore the problem of organization and management, strategic planning, and fundamental scientific research - all this allows to integrate fragmented efforts and increase their efficiency. LABOR POTENTIAL Labour Potential

  9. The institutional level The way of the public division of labor The way to integrate the participants in the public production Labour potential of demographic system ∂ ∫ Labour potential of society Thus, the labour potential of the of demographic system is characterized by mechanical sum of the individual potentials of of its elements (humans). The aggregate labor potential of the community is the result of existing ways of labour division and integrating the participants of public production, ie it depends of the institutional quality Labour Potential of Society

  10. Division of labour is a process whereby the production process is broken down into a sequence of stages and workers are assigned to particular stages. Division of labour

  11. DIVISION OF LABOUR Smith did not regard the division of labour as a consequence of human inequality but famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, for Smith the division of labour was the dynamic engine of economic progress. However, in a further chapter of the same book Smith criticises the division of labour saying it leads to a 'mental mutilation' in workers; they become ignorant and insular as their working lives are confined to a single repetitive task. The contradiction has led to some debate over Smith's opinion of the division of labour. Adam Smith In his book 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations' (1776), Adam Smith determined that division of labour represents a qualitative increase in productivity. His example was the making of pins. Division of Labour / Adam Smith

  12. DIVISION OF LABOUR Marx's most important theoretical contribution was his sharp distinction between the social division and the technical or economic division of labour. That is, some forms of labour co-operation are due purely to technical necessity, but others are purely a result of a social control function related to a class and status hierarchy. If these two divisions are conflated, it might appear as though the existing division of labour is technically inevitable and immutable, rather than socially constructed and influenced by power relationships. Marx also suggests that the capitalist division of labour will evolve over time such that the maximum amount of labour is productive labour, where productive labour is defined as labour which creates surplus value. Division of Labour / Karl Marx

  13. DIVISION OF LABOUR One of the great achievements of economic science is the explanation of the benefits of the division of labour in market economies. On the market, the division of labour is organised by the exchange of private-property titles. Why and under which circumstances do these exchanges take place? Economists have demonstrated that any two individuals may profitably engage in a division of labour. Thus assume the most elementary setting of two individuals A and B both of whom desire two kinds of products x and y. Considering the productivity of A and B, one can distinguish three fundamental cases. Division of Labour

  14. B A DIVISION OF LABOUR A is more productive than B in production X, while B is more productive than A in production Y. Thus, it will be to the advantage of both A and B that A specialises in the production of X while B specialises in the production of Y. In this way they can realise the benefits springing from the productivity differential between them. The overall product of both X and Y will be increased so that A and B can consume more of both goods.   Y X 1 Division of Labour (1)

  15. B A DIVISION OF LABOUR A is more productive than B in production both X and Y. ? But if A is relatively more productive in X than in Y, then they can still specialize in a way beneficial to both of them. A would specialize in the production of X while B specializes in the production of Y. However, they could not engage in perfect specialization, as in the first case. Only one of them can specialize entirely in "his" production, while the other one would also have to engage in the other production.   X Y In this case there seems to be nothing that B could give to A so that no division of labour could emerge. 2 Division of Labour (2)

  16. B A DIVISION OF LABOUR A and B are equal in the production of both X and Y.   Y X ? Regardless of their specialization here will be no difference in result, but a specialization is still advantageous because it enables them to realize economies of scale (advantages in costs).   Y 3 X Division of Labour (3)

  17. DIVISION OF LABOUR Thus, division of labour is the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. Historically the growth of a more and more complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialization processes. Later, the division of labour reached the level of a scientifically-based management practice with the time and motion studies associated with Taylorism. The Division of Labor in Society

  18. DIVISION OF LABOUR The productivity gains of the division of labor are important within any type of production process, ranging from pin manufacture to software production, or legal practice, or medical care. Labour hierarchy is to a great extent inevitable, simply because no one can do all tasks at once; but of course the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors. It is often agreed that the most equitable principle in allocating people within hierarchies is that of true (or proven) competency or ability. This important Western concept of meritocracy could be read as an explanation or as a justification of why a division of labour is the way it is. The Division of Labor in Society

  19. According to Karl Marx, a new and international division of labour suited to the requirements of the main industrial countries and converts one part of the globe into a chiefly agricultural field of production for supplying the other part which remains a pre-eminently industrial field. In this definition, Marx highlights not only the global division of labour in terms of what people do, but also the unequal flow of power and supplies. Furthermore, since Marx’s original definition, the global division of labour has evolved. Not only do some sections of the world remain agricultural ‘shopping malls’ for more developed countries, but increasingly the global division of labour is also characterised by the feminisation of employment, the creation of ‘superstar regions’ and the increasing migration of people. The global division of labour is contributing to the ever-increasing gap between rich and poor. GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR

  20. GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR Increasingly, services are being transferred from the Global South to the Global North. For example, migrant women leaving their families to look after wealthy families’ children abroad, the influx of ‘exotic’ sex workers in the world’s biggest cities, men leaving rural areas in search for work in urban areas, the masses in the service sector who maintain the lifestyle of those in the upper class brackets, or the proliferation of educated women leaving their homes to work as domestic workers in rich countries or regions. Labourers from poorer regions are attempting to move to greener pastures as a result of global inequality, unequal distribution of resources, and the non-responsibility of organizations and nations. GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR

  21. It is believed that the number of African immigrants in the US has increased from 35,355 in 1960 to almost 1.5 million in 2009. Most African immigrants in the US are from East or West Africa, with the top countries of origin being Nigeria (14.1% of African immigrants), Ethiopia (9.9%), Egypt (9.3%), Ghana (7.3%), and Kenya (5.8%), South Africa (5.5%). GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR

  22. An increasing number of migrants are women. Often women from poor countries (such as Zimbabwe) find themselves working in richer countries (such as South Africa) as caretakers, nannies or maids. In 2007 the domestic work sector in South Africa employed 1.2 million domestic workers making it one of the largest sectors that employ women in the country. GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOUR

  23. THE END THE END

More Related