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Understanding DNA: Structure, Function, and Replication Mechanisms

This content provides an in-depth overview of DNA, including its structure as a double helix, its key components like nucleotides, and the critical processes of replication and transcription. Highlights include the roles of important enzymes such as DNA ligase and DNA polymerase, the significance of semiconservative replication, and how mRNA and tRNA function in protein synthesis. The document also covers the locations of DNA within the cell, the base-pairing rules, and other key concepts related to genetics, making it a valuable resource for students and educators in biology.

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Understanding DNA: Structure, Function, and Replication Mechanisms

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  1. WhatdoesDNAstandfor? DeoxyribonucleicAcid

  2. _______istheenzymethat chemicallylinksOkazaki fragmentstogether DNALigase

  3. Whatislocatedatthe BOTTOMofatRNAmolecule? Anti-codonsequence

  4. WhereinthecellisDNA found? Nucleus

  5. Scientifically,describethe shapeoftheDNAmolecule. DoubleHelix

  6. Whatisabenefitof semiconservativeDNA replication? Helpsreducethenumberof copyingerrors

  7. Whyistranscription important? GetstheDNAcodeoutofthe NUCLEUS!

  8. Whatislocatedatthetop oftRNA? Aminoacid

  9. Whatarethe2typesof purines? Adenine,Guanine

  10. Whatisthecomplementto thissideofaDNAmolecule?: TGGACTA ACCTGAT

  11. Howmanypairsof chromosomesdoesahuman haveintheirbodycells? 23

  12. Howmanyhydrogenbonds arefoundbetweenA-T? 2

  13. WherecanmRNAbe found? Nucleus,cytoplasm,ribosome

  14. AsegmentofDNAthatcodes foraproteiniscalleda______ Gene

  15. Whatarethe3partsofthe DNAmolecule? Phosphategroup DeoxyriboseSugar NitrogenBase

  16. ______istheDNAstrandthat isdiscontinuouslybuiltinto smallOkazakifragments duringreplication LaggingStrand

  17. Whatsugarispresentin RNA? ribose

  18. Whattypeofreplication occurswhenDNAreplicates? SemiconservativeReplication

  19. ______________areshort segmentofDNAsynthesized discontinuouslyinsmall segmentsinthe3’-5’direction byDNApolymerase. OkazakiFragments

  20. Whatnitrogenbasesare presentinRNA? A,U,C,G

  21. Whatischromatin? UncoiledDNA

  22. Whattypeofbondholds togetherthenitrogenbases? Hydrogen

  23. Whatscientistsarecredited withthe“base-pairing”rules? Watson&Crick

  24. DNAthatiscoiledwould becalled? Chromosome

  25. WhendoestheDNA replicate? Celldivision/Interphase (beforemitosis)

  26. InwhatdirectioncanDNA synthesisonlyoccur? 5’-3’

  27. Howmanyhydrogenbonds arefoundbetweenC-G? 3

  28. GoingfrommRNAtoa proteiniscalled_______. Translation

  29. DuringDNAreplication,what causesthehydrogenbondsto break? AnEnzyme(DNAHelicase)

  30. WhatisthetRNA complementtothismRNA?: AUGCAU UACGUA

  31. Whatislocatedatbottom oftRNA? Anti-codons

  32. WhodiscoveredDNAin 1928? FrankGriffith

  33. Whatpolymermakesupor haircolor,bonelength,etc..? Protein

  34. Whatistheshapeof mRNA? Singlehelix

  35. Whatarethe2typesof pyrimidines? Thymine,Cytosine

  36. Whatisthefunctionof tRNA? tRNAanticodonsbondw/ mRNAcodonstoinsurethe correctorderofaminoacids

  37. _______istheenzymeruns alongtheparentchainofDNA andbondsfreefloating nucleotidestothoseofthe parent(original)chain--based onbasepairingrules DNAPolymerase

  38. Whatsugarispresentin DNA? Deoxyribose

  39. WhatdoesRNAstandfor? RibonucleicAcid

  40. HowmanystrandsofmRNA aretranscribedfromthetwo “unzipped”strandsofDNA? 1

  41. Whatnitrogenbasesare presentinDNA? A,T,C,G

  42. Howistheaccuracyofthe DNAcodeassured? Base-pairingrules

  43. _________istheDNAstrand thatiscontinuouslybuiltbythe additionofnucleotidestothe3’ endduringreplication LeadingStrand

  44. GoingfromDNAtomRNA iscalled_________. Transcription

  45. WhatisthemRNAcomplement tothissideofaDNAmolecule: AACGTAT UUGCAUA

  46. HowdoesthemRNAget outofthenucleus? Nuclearpore

  47. Identifythismolecule. DNA

  48. WhatislocatedattheTOP ofatRNAmolecule? Aminoacids

  49. Wheredoestranslation occur? Ribosome

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