Quantitative Qualitative Designs

3. Contents of presentation ?????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????) ??????? ???? ????? (?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????) ??????? ????????? (?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????) ??????? ???????? (?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????) ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????

4. Research Methods Research methods are generally categorized as being either quantitative or qualitative. What the methods fit!

5. Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms The quantitative paradigm: what can be measured. It involves collecting and analyzing objective (often numerical) data that can be organized into statistics. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ????? The qualitative paradigm: investigating subjective data, gain greater insight and knowledge. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????.

6.  Deductive Approach????? Theory Hypotheses Data Collection Findings Hypotheses Confirmed or Rejected Revision of Theory This the most common view of the relationship between theory and social research. You develop a theory and test it. Induction is the opposite direction form deduction. Researcher infers the implications of his/her findings for the theory that prompted the whole exercise. The findings are fed back into the stock of theory. So theory is the outcome of research, while findings or observations are the outcome. Sometimes, you will use both: view of a theory may change after more reading of literature, new findings may be published by others before you have generated yours or the relevance of a set of data for a theory may become apparent after the data have been collected. This the most common view of the relationship between theory and social research. You develop a theory and test it. Induction is the opposite direction form deduction. Researcher infers the implications of his/her findings for the theory that prompted the whole exercise. The findings are fed back into the stock of theory. So theory is the outcome of research, while findings or observations are the outcome. Sometimes, you will use both: view of a theory may change after more reading of literature, new findings may be published by others before you have generated yours or the relevance of a set of data for a theory may become apparent after the data have been collected.

7. Induction Approach ???????? [General research question] Observation Theory Formulation Inductive theory starts with a vague concept then uses specific forms of observations of empirical evidence, on the basis of this, you generalise and build theories. Inductive theory starts with a vague concept then uses specific forms of observations of empirical evidence, on the basis of this, you generalise and build theories.

8. Elements of Qualitative vs. Quantitative Studies Quantitative Research 1. Hard Science 2. Focus: concise & narrow 3. Reductionistic 4. Objective 5. Reasoning: Logistic, Deductive 6. Basis of Knowing: Cause & effect, relationships 7. Tests Theory 8. Control 9. Instruments 10. Basic Element of Analysis= numbers 11. Statistical analysis 12. Generalization Qualitative Research 1. Soft Science 2. Focus: Complex & Broad 3. Holistic 4. Subjective 5. Reasoning: Dialectic, Inductive 6. Basis of knowing: Meaning, Discovery 7. Develops Theory 8. Shared Interpretation 9. Communication & Observation 10. Basic Element of Analysis: Words 11. Individual Interpretation 12. Uniqueness

9. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????? ? ?? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????.

11. Quantitative Research Designs

13. ????? ??????? ???

15. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (RCT). ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? (?????) ? ???? (?????). ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????

16. True experiment design  ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????

17. True experiment design  ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????

21. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????-????? (??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???)

22. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????.?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????.

26. D. Factorial Design ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????:????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???????

27. Some researches The Anxiety- and Pain-Reducing Effects of Music Interventions The Effectiveness of a Multimedia Intervention on Parents� Knowledge Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children (2009)

32. ?????? - ????: ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? - ????: ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???

33. ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???.?

35. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????

38. Summary Experimental research is the best method for examining causal relationships Problem: not hold in real-life settings. In quasi-experiments, not randomly allocating, or not control group. In pre-experiments, not randomly allocating, and not control group.

41. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????

42. ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???: ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCCT) ??? ??? Blind???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? (??????? ??? ?????) ??? ?? ????? Randomized Controlled double blind Clinical Trials ?????? ????????? ??????

44. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???. ????

51. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ??.... .

52. Summative Evaluation ????: ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ....????? ?????

53. ??? ????? ??? ????? � ?????: ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????: ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? 2% ??? ? ??? ????????? 2% ??? ? ??? ?????

55. ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???. ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???.

56. non experimental designes are research whithout any manipulation

57. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? .... ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ? ????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? manipulation ?? ?????? (??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????). ??? ?????? ?????????? multifactorial ???. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???.

58. types of non experimental research( polite ) descriptive survey study Case field study Analytic study a-retrospective studies b-prospective studies Correlational/associational study cross sectional longitudinal a- trend b-panel c-follow -up

59. Descriptive study ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???. ????: ????? ????? needle stick ?? ????????

60. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ????

61. Survey study ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? self-report ???. ??????? - ?????? ????? ???? - ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? : ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????

62. Case/ field study ??????? ????? � ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? bias ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????

63. ???? ????? ????? ?????????: ?? ????? ?????� ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.??????????: ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????

64. Analytic research comparative research ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? . ???? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? .

65. types of Analytic research  1-ex post fcto study /rertrospective / Case �control study 2- cohort study/ prospective study

66. ex post fcto study /rertrospective ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? . ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? . ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????(?????) ? ???? (????) ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???.

67. ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????.

68. cohort study/ prospective study ??????? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? (exposed) ? (unexposed) ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??.

69. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ..............? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?? Out Come ??? ?? ???.

70. Time dimension:Retrospective vs. Prospective Retrospective: Examines data already collected in the past Ex: Review of medical records to examine previous history in of cholesterol levels in MI patients Prospective: examines data being collected in the present Ex: Study describing social support and coping mechanisms of women with ovarian CA

71. Correlational/associational study ??????? ??????? �??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??? � ?????? (cause- effect )? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? : ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????

72. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? 1374

73. Cross � sectional study ??????? ????? : ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? . ??????? : ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

74. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???.

75. Longitudinal study ????? ?????? (???? ): ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ) ???????? : ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? . ??????? ? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? . ?????? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.

76. Types of longitudinal study Trend : ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ????: ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????. Panel: ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????. ????: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? 1 ??? ??? ?? ???? ? .... Follow �up :??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???. ????: ?????? 67 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????.

77. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????

78. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? Meta-analysis : ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? : ?? ????? 17 ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? post partum depression? infant temperament ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???.

79. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? Methodological research: ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????instrument (????????)??????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? . :Prediction research 1- ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? .(????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? SLE ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????) 2- ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? .( ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? MI )

82. Qualitative Research Designs

85. The emphasis in phenomenology research is on the meaning of lived experience. (Van Manen, 1984) ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???. The goal of phenomenology is to describe human experience as it is lived. (Ponty 64) ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. Phenomenology Method

89. Glaser & Strauss (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???. Streubert 2005

90. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???.

91. ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???. Inductive & Deductive ????????: ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???. ?????: ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ??????.

96. Historical Research ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ????

102. Triangulation

103. Types of Triangulation

105. Conclusion What matters is that the methods used fit the intended purposes of the research!

108. References Dempsy & Dempsy. (2000). Using Nursing resaerch.5th edition.New York . Lippincott co.. research. 6th edition ,Lippincott.Co , Philadelphia ???? ????? ????? (1384)??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? (1385 )???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ????