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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. Social Research Methods 2117 & 6501 Fall, 2006 October 25-30, 2006. Overview of Research Design. Research Purposes Exploration ( 探索 ), Description ( 描述 ), Explanation ( 解釋 ) Units of Analysis ( 研究單位 ): possibly individuals ( 個人 )

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

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  1. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Social Research Methods 2117 & 6501 Fall, 2006 October 25-30, 2006

  2. Overview of Research Design • Research Purposes • Exploration (探索), Description (描述), Explanation (解釋) • Units of Analysis (研究單位): possibly individuals (個人) • The Time Dimension: cross-sectional design • Design a Research Project: the research process

  3. The Research Process • Conceptualization: think about research questions & important concepts • Choice of research method: quantitative and/or qualitative? • Operationalizaion: measurement • Population and sampling • Observations (data collection) • Data processing • Analysis and interpretation • Writing articles/reports • Application

  4. Research Design Consider: Your interests Your abilities Available Resources

  5. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Different (deductive vs. inductive approaches) & Complementary Triangulation: observe from different viewpoints & methods

  6. Qualitative Orientations interpretive and critical social sciences Non-numerical data Logic in practice: the logic of research is actually carried out (實務邏輯: 實際上如何執行的邏輯) Quantitative Orientations related to positivism Numerical data Reconstructed logic: the logic of how to do research is highly organized (重建邏輯: 進行研究的邏輯是高度組織化的) Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:

  7. Qualitative Orientations Nonlinear Path Objectivity and Integrity Avoid arbitrary personal opinion Open about personal involvement Trustworthiness, have checks on evidence Emergent Research Questions: more flexible Quantitative Orientations Linear Path: follow a fixed sequence of steps Objectivity and Integrity: replication, standardized methodological procedures Preplanned Research Questions Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:

  8. Qualitative Design Issues • The language of cases and contexts (個案與脈絡的語言） • Grounded theory（紮根理論): develops theory during data collection (more inductive) • The context is critical (社會行動或陳述的意義與其出現的脈絡有關) • Bricolage: ability to deal with different materials and be pragmatic • The case and process (個案與過程): examine a wide variety of aspects of one/a few cases • Interpretation (第一、二、三級的詮釋)

  9. Quantitative Design Issues • The language of variables and hypotheses (變項與假設的語言) • Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項) • Causal Theory and Hypotheses • Five characteristics of causal hypotheses (因果假設的特徵, p. 162) • State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the word of proof.] • Testing and refining hypothesis

  10. Ways to State Causal Relations • Religious attendance causesreduced divorce. • Religious attendance leads to reduced divorce. • Religious attendance is related to reduced divorce. • Religious attendance influences reduced divorce. • Religious attendance produces reduced divorce. • Religious attendance results in reduced divorce. • If people attend religious services, then the likelihood of divorce will be reduced. • The higher religious attendance, the lower the likelihood of divorce. • Religious attendance reduces the likelihood of divorce.

  11. Quantitative Design Issues • The language of variables and hypotheses (變項與假設的語言) • Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項) • Causal Theory and Hypotheses • Five characteristics of causal hypotheses (因果假設的特徵, p. 162) • State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the word of proof.] • Testing and refining hypothesis

  12. Quantitative Design Issues • Types of hypotheses • The idea of falsification • Null hypotheses • Double-barreled hypotheses (雙載假設)

  13. Double-Barreled Hypothesis vs. Interaction Effect (交互作用)

  14. Potential Errors in Causal Explanations • Tautology (套套邏輯) (circular reasoning) • Teleology (目的論)

  15. Potential Errors in Causal Explanations Ecological fallacy (mismatching units of analysis ) (生態謬誤) (區位謬誤): Drawing conclusions about individuals based solely on the observation of groups Reductionism (mismatching units of analysis) (化約論，化約主義): Explain complex phenomena in terms of a single, narrow concept(s).

  16. Potential Errors in Causal Explanations • Spuriousness

  17. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Different Research Styles (see examples in your textbook) Not a rigid dichotomy (不是二分對立)

  18. The Content of Research Proposal: • 研究題目、問題及目的 • 研究對象 • 變項及測量 • 搜集資料的方法 • 問卷或問題大綱 • (資料分析)

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