Revolution

1. Revolution The War for Independence 1763—1781

2. Part I:Road to Revolution

3. Part I: What we want to know? • What ideas and events led to the American Revolution? • What ideas influenced the Revolution? • What role did the French play in the American Revolution? • How did a disorganized and undersupplied force defeat the best-trained and equipped army in the world? • What was the impact of the Revolution on American society?

4. Vocabulary & Key Terms • Enlightenment • John Locke • Great Awakening • Revival • Jonathan Edwards • Liberal • Theology • Evict • Militia • Fort • Direct tax • Indirect tax

5. Ideas Help Start a Revolution: The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement of the 1700s. During the Enlightenment thinkers became convinced that natural and mathematical laws could be used to explain the physical world. In other words, there were logical explanations for natural phenomena & the physical world operated according to predictable patterns. • Can you think of some ideas that came out of the Enlightenment?

6. Ideas Help Start a Revolution: The Enlightenment • In addition, they believed human beings could discover these rules through the use of the reason and logic. • John Locke, and English philosopher, had the biggest influence on American political thought. • In Two Treatises on Government, Locke argued every citizen had the natural right to life, liberty, and property that no king could take away.

7. Ideas Help Start a Revolution: The Enlightenment • In addition, Locke believed government was based on a social contract between the people and the government wherein people give up some of their freedoms to the government and give the government power to maintain order. • If the government did not protect the freedoms of the people, then the people could abolish the government and replace it with a new one.

8. The Great Awakening • By 1700, membership in the Puritan Church was declining. When Massachusetts lost its charter in 1691, it had to tolerate other religious groups. • These new religious groups were challenging Puritans with more liberal theology and emotional services. (Calvinism and Predestination v. Arminianism & individualism) • Puritan ministers, led by Jonathan Edwards, to draw people to the Puritan Church. • In the 1730s and 1740s a wave of religious revivals swept the colonies. This was known as the Great Awakening, and it had a profound effect on colonial society.

9. The Great Awakening • The Impact of the Great Awakening • Christianity was brought to the slaves. • It led to an interest in education, & many of America’s “Ivy League” colleges, like Princeton, were founded to educate ministers. • The number of Americans attending churches regularly increased. • The Great Awakening crossed sectional boundaries of North and South, and because it was a shared “national” experience it gave Americans a growing sense of themselves as a people. • It showed a questioning of traditional authority.

10. Ideas help Start a Revolution • What do the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have in common?

11. European Colonization in 1750

12. The French and Indian War, 1754-1763 • The French settled Quebec in the 1600s to make money in the fur trade. • By the 1750s, France and Britain were competing over the Ohio River Valley, which was excellent farm land and rich in natural resources. • The British suspected the French were giving Native Americans weapons to use against the British. • In 1754 the governor of Virginia sent George Washington who was a member of the colonial militia to evict French citizens from the Ohio River Valley. • The French defeated Washington and he had to abandon the small fort he had built there, and thus began the French and Indian War, which became part of the Seven Years War (1756 – 1763)

13. The French and Indian War, 1754-1763 • At first the French were very successful, but eventually the British won. • In 1763 both sides signed the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war. The Treaty provided for the following: • Britain got all of North America east of the Mississippi River, including Florida • Spain got French lands west of the Mississippi River (Louisiana and New Orleans) • France kept a few small islands off the coast of Canada. • The Native Americans were the real losers in the is war, for the British were much more difficult to deal with than the French.

14. Importance of the French and Indian War • Shortly after the war the British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 which said colonists could not settle the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Why? _______________________________ ____________________________________ • The British government had borrowed a lot of money to pay for the war and was now deeply in debt. • How will this cause problems between the colonies and England? _________________________

15. Steps to War • French and Indian War • Proclamation of 1763 • Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress • Formation of the Sons of Liberty • Townshend Acts • Boston Massacre • Formation of the Committees of Correspondence • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts

16. First Continental CongressSeptember 1774 • The Committees of Correspondence called for the First Continental Congress to meet in response to the Intolerable Acts. • The Congress met in in Philadelphia, the largest city in the colonies and included 55 delegates from the 12 colonies. (Georgia didn’t participate.) They met for 7 weeks. • The Congress • Said the colonies had a right to self-government, but they did not call for independence. (Although some delegates argued for it.) • Called for a complete boycott of British goods. • Expressed support for protests in Massachusetts • Said they would fight back if the British used force • Agreed to meet again in May 1775 if British didn’t repeal taxes

17. Lexington & Concord: The British in Boston • Fall 1774 Minutemen militia formed in response to Intolerable Acts. The Minutemen begin stockpiling ammunition and weapons • Militia = ______________________________ • General Gage, the military ruler of Boston began raiding these local stockpiles of ammunition in 1775. • Tensions were rising throughout the colonies. • March 23, 1775 Patrick Henry delivered his “Give me liberty, or give me death” speech to the Virginia Assembly (and btw, he kind of plagiarized that line).

18. Patrick Henry

19. Lexington & Concord, April 1775 • March 18th General Gage ordered his men to capture the American ammunition at Concord and arrest Sons of Liberty leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams.

20. Lexington & Concord: Paul Revere’s Ride • A young Boston doctor hears of news and warns the Patriots • William Dawes, Paul Revere, & Samuel Prescott road out to warn the Minutemen and Adams and Hancock that “The British are coming.” • Church bells ring out in code • Dawes & Revere captured by the British, but Prescott got the message out.

21. Paul Revere Revere Dawes

22. “The Shot Heard ‘Round the World” • March 18th, the British soldiers were met by the Minutemen at the town of Lexington at Lexington Green (kind of like the town square). • The shots fired at Lexington Green were the first shots of the American Revolution and have been called “the shot heard ‘round the world.” Why? • 8 Minutemen were killed • News of the battle spread and more men came. • The Brits continued their march toward Concord but decided to retreat when they saw how many men(3-4,000 were gathered there, they began to retreat. • What happened? ________________________

24. Concord Lexington Green

25. The Second Continental CongressMay 1775

26. Second Continental Congress: May 1775 • Like the first CC, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. • Twelve colonies sent delegates. Georgia’s delegates joined the meeting later. • At first, the delegates couldn’t agree on what to do • The colonies were very dependent on England economically and, as a British colony, enjoyed the protection of the British navy. • The colonies had internal security issues with slaves and Native Americans. • They had to decide what to do with all the Minute Men encamped around Boston. • They didn’t have the money or the authority to establish an army.

27. Decisions of the Second Continental Congress • Made the Minute Men the Continental Army (This was John Adams’ idea.) • Chose George Washington, a Southerner, who had gained fame in the French and Indian War as commander of the Continental Army • Named Benjamin Franklin as postmaster general • Set up a committee to handle foreign relations

28. Second Continental Congress & the Olive Branch Petition • Many colonists still felt a lot of loyalty to Britain and the king, and most of their anger was directed toward Parliament, the British legislature. • Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to make one last attempt at peace with the British king George III and remain a part of the British Empire. • The Olive Branch Petition was rejected.

29. King’s ThoughtsThe colonists are in “open and avowed rebellion” ….. “wicked and desperate persons” the cause…..and King wants all loyal subjects to “bring the traitors to justice.”

30. Early 1776 • Although many colonists were angered by the actions of the British government, many of them were still unwilling to break ties with their mother country of Britain, but one piece of writing would change that. • (Washington’s soldiers’ still said “God save the King” as a toast.)

31. The Publication of Common Sense • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published in January 1776. • Paine’s writing directed the colonists’ anger toward King George III, “a royal brute,” & said it was “common sense” for America to separate from Great Britain. • Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies and was very important in persuading people to support independence. • “Common Sense is working a powerful change in the minds of men.” George Washington

32. The Declaration of Independence • June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed the Continental Congress vote to declare themselves independent of Great Britain. “That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved.”

33. Who were the Patriots & who were the Loyalists? LOYALISTS PATRIOTS • People who remained loyal to Britain & wanted a British victory • British government officials • Members of the Anglican Church (Church of England) • Southerners living on coast • People who thought the British would win • People who wanted independence from GB • People involved in trade and commerce; people who saw an economic advantage in independence • Members of Puritan (Congregational) Church • Younger generation

34. The Declaration of Independence • The Congress organized a committee to write a formal explanation of the split should they decide to declare independence. • The committee included John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Roger Sherman. Thomas Jefferson was responsible for the writing. • The delegates debated the issue for one month, and on July 2, 1776, voted to severe ties with Great Britain. • The Congress altered Jefferson’s draft, taking out the section condemning slavery, to keep the support of the Southern colonies.Jefferson was heavily influenced by the works of John Locke, an Enlightenment philosopher.

35. Who were the Loyalists & the Patriots • Loyalists – supported a British victory • Patriots – wanted independence • In many ways the War for Independence was war within a war. Loyalists fought the Patriots. Patriots fought the British army, and since many people remained neutral, both sides fought for the support of the civilian population. • “A Tory [Loyalist] is a thing whose head is in England, and its body in England, and its neck ought to be stretched.”.

36. Colonial Life • The war touched everyone- not just those on the battlefield. • Inflation occurred b/c Congress ran out of hard money. • Corrupt selling of goods, known as profiteering occurred by gov’t officials. • Women and African Americans served the Continental Army.

37. Revolutionary Battles

38. British Victory in New York

39. Trenton NJ, • The 32,000 British soldiers under General Howe easily drove Washington’s 23,000 poorly-trained and poorly supplied Continental soldiers out of New York and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania by August 1776. • By late fall most of Washington’s men had been killed, captured, or deserted. Only 8,000 were left. For most of them, their terms of enlistment were up on December 31. • Christmas 1776 Washington and his men crossed the Delaware River into New Jersey and captured nearly 1,000 Hessians and 6 cannons. • The victory was an important morale booster as it proved the Continentals could win. The victory at Trenton was followed by a victory at Princeton.

40. Washington Crossing the Delaware

41. Saratoga • British at Saratoga under Burgoyne • Waiting for Howe to meet him • October 1777 • Surrounded by American troops • Burgoyne forced to surrender • 6,000 men • Biggest British defeat (until Yorktown) • Forces European countries to recognize the Americans • French had been sending weapons, but now pledge to support the Revolution with $, troops, & ships • Acknowledge American independence

42. Surrender to Gates

43. Continental Army Strengths Weaknesses • Familiarity of home ground • Leadership of George Washington and others. • Inspiring causes of the independence • Most soldiers untrained and undisciplined • Shortage of food and ammunition • Inferior navy • No central government to enforce wartime policies

44. Great Britain Strengths Weaknesses • Strong, well-trained army and navy • Strong central government with available funds • Support of colonial Loyalists and Native Americans • Large distance separating Britain from battlefields • Troops unfamiliar with terrain • Weak military leaders • Sympathy of certain British politicians for the American cause.

45. ValleyForge • NY: Gates had been successful at Saratoga • Pennsylvania: British had taken Philadelphia; Washington and his men camp at Valley Forge • Bitter winter • 2,000 men die of disease and malnutrition/starvation

46. Positive Impact of Valley Forge • Washington shares hardships with his men and wins there respect • Marquis de Lafayette (of France) joins the Continental army & gets French money & ships • Colonel von Steuben (Germany) joins Continental army & makes them into a well-disciplined fighting force. Lafayette

47. Fighting in the South • Many important battles occur in the South • Georgia’s royal governor calls for slaves to support England • 800 leave masters • Worries white planters • 1778 British crush Patriots in Savannah & take control of Georgia • British wanted to take land and then reassign it to the Loyalists after the war

48. The South • British under Cornwallis take Charleston, SC • Next they move to NC, but Patriots force them to retreat to SC • Continental General Greene replaces Horatio Gates & ordered by Washington to “harass” Cornwallis as he retreats • Green’s strategy -- Divides army in two • Cornwallis wins in NC, but it costs him ¼ of his soldiers, so he decides to go to Virginia & wait for reinforcements

49. Yorktown • Cornwallis failed to capture divisions led by Lafayette & von Steuben • Led his men onto the Yorktown peninsula & expected British navy to deliver reinforcemnts • warns Clinton, “ If you cannot relieve me very soon . . . You must expect to hear the worst.”

50. Yorktown • Beginning of Oct. Patriot & French force of 16,000 led by Lafayette lay siege to Cornwallis • October 19th – Cornwallis sent his second in command to surrender to Washington & the French generals • England- • King wants to press on • PM North resigns and new PM advises an end