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The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens: Origins and Bioarchaeology

Explore the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of early modern humans, along with models of their origins and distribution across continents. Delve into the bioarchaeology of modern human evolution, including tools, subsistence, symbolism, and genetic studies. Learn about the settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands post-origin, biological changes during agriculture adoption, and the impacts of colonization.

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The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens: Origins and Bioarchaeology

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  1. Chapter 13The Emergence , Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens

  2. The Emergence of Modern Humans • Anatomically • Gracile skull and postcranial anatomy • Limited development of brow ridges • Rounded cranium • Prominent mastoid process • Retracted face with a canine fossa • Small teeth and jaws • Chin

  3. The Emergence of Modern Humans (cont’d) • Behaviorally • Rapid pace of change in the Upper Paleolithic or Later Stone Age • Appearance of symbolic behavior

  4. Models of Modern Human Origins • Replacement Models • Localized African origin • Replaced indigenous hominids • Predicts sapiens fossils in Africa first • Multiregional Models • Gene flow • Repeated migration • Predicts regional lineages

  5. Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans • Africa • 100,000 years ago (transition from Archaic H. sapiens began 200,000 years ago in Africa) • Near East • 60,000 years ago • Europe • 40,000 years ago • Asia and Southeast Asia • 65,000 years ago • Australia • 50,000 years ago

  6. Archaeology of Modern Human Origins • Stone and Other Tools • Blade production • Microliths • Subsistence • Wider subsistence base • Expansion into aquatic resources, including fish and shellfish

  7. Archaeology of Modern Human Origins (cont’d) • Symbolism • Burials • grave goods • Art and Ornamental Objects • cave art • petroglyphs • ornamentation

  8. Molecular Genetics and Human Origins Mitochondrial DNA The Y Chromosome MRCAs for Nuclear Genes MRCAs Ancient DNA

  9. Interpreting Models of Human Origins Paleontology and Archaeology Molecular Genetics

  10. Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans • Settlement of the New World and the Pacific Islands • The Americas • Bering Land Bridge • Ice free corridor • Coastal routes • Clovis • The Pacific Islands • Sunda and Sahul (low sea levels allowed for ocean crossings between these two areas 50,000 years ago) • Polynesia (beginning 3,500 years ago)

  11. Bioarchaeology after the Origin of Modern Humans (cont’d) • Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism • bioarcheologists have shown that as agriculture was adopted there were many skeletal consequences • Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization

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