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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. The Building of Global Empires. Imperialism. During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, Western European countries targeted lands in Africa and Asia to add to their empires The U.S. targeted Latin America, Caribbean and Pacific Russia expanded east and south

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 The Building of Global Empires

  2. Imperialism • During the 19th and 20th centuries, Western European countries targeted lands in Africa and Asia to add to their empires • The U.S. targeted Latin America, Caribbean and Pacific • Russia expanded east and south • Japan concentrated on East Asia • There were many reasons for Imperialism but 2 major factors overwhelmingly rose • Economic • Politics

  3. Economic Motives for Imperialism • Europe experienced the Industrial Revolution and needed a source for raw materials, so they turned to Asia and Africa • Cotton, copper and rubber • Europe also needed laborers since slavery and serfdom ended in the mid 1800s • Used for manufacturing, mining, large scale projects like railroads • Worked for low wages, dangerous jobs • The colonies also were a new market to sell industrial goods • Colonies turned into export economies • Cash crops like tea, cotton, sugar, palm oil, rubber and coffee • This led to rapid soil degradation as monoculture reduced crop diversity • Railroads and industrialization were brought to Africa and Asia to support the economic needs of the Imperial powers

  4. Labor Systems • Since slavery legally ended, a new form of labor was needed to replace the worker • Indentured workers mostly came from mostly India, China and Japan • This time contract allowed for workers to send money home, settle in new country or return home upon contract completion. • Australia developed a new form of labor • Penal colony was developed by Great Britain, so the prisoners were used as labor • The prisoners worked off their sentences and most decided to stay in Australia

  5. Political motives for Imperialism • Nationalism in Europe led to countries wanting to build empires to prove their strength and assert their power to the rest of the world • Pride in Germany and France • European countries “Scramble” to colonize Asia and Africa not just for the benefit of themselves, but to also deny their rivals • Key strategic geographical locations like ports and shipping lanes • Imperialism is a better option than civil war- Cecil Rhodes • Imperialism made Germans proud, therefore Imperialism would relieve domestic social tensions between Germans

  6. Cultural and Ideological Justifications for Imperialism • Missionaries used Imperialism as a chance to gain converts • Blended humanitarian and religious motives • Churches provided education, medicine, medical care to natives • David Livingstone travelled to Sub Saharan Africa to help map Africa and end slave trade • Social Darwinism and Humanitarianism • A twist of Charles Darwin science of natural selection and biological survival of the fittest • People used Darwin’s science to claim that “Whites” were biologically the fittest and had the right to dominate the weaker “darker” species • Rudyard Kipling’s poem best epitomized the feeling of Europeans towards the colonized peoples. Whites have the ethical responsibility to “help” the weaker “darker corners of the earth (Roosevelt, 1909)”

  7. The “White Man’s Burden” And work another’s gain Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit

  8. Systems of Colonial Rule • Concessionary companies • Original approach to colonial rule • Private companies obtained large tracts of land to exploit natural resources • Freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible abuses. Profit margin minimal • Abandoned by Europeans in favor of direct or indirect rule

  9. Systems of Colonial Rule • Direct rule: France • “Civilizing mission” • Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and cultural barriers • French west Africa: 3,600 Europeans ruled 9 million • Directly collected taxes, labor organization and law & order • Indirect rule: Britain • Frederick D. Lugard (Britain, 1858–1945), The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922) • Use of indigenous institutions (natives in power following British laws) • Difficulty in establishing tribal categories; imposed arbitrary boundaries which led to future problems for Africa

  10. Tools of Imperialism • Medicine • Quinine pills to fight malaria • Transportation • Steamships, railroads • Allowed for the transportation of raw materials and militaries to maintain control over colony • Canal construction • Suez and Panama Canal were constructed by Europeans to reduce shipping time and costs • Military technology • Mass production of weapons • Maxim gun could fire 11 bullets per second • Battle of Omdurman showed the European military superiority over Sudanese troops • Communication • Telegraphs • Took 2 years to receive correspondence by postal service before the development of canals

  11. British Empire in India • East India Company had a commercial relationship with Mughal empire in the 17th century • Decline of Mughal empire after death of Aurangzeb, 1707 • EIC used native Indians as soldiers (sepoy) to take over most of India • Protection of economic interests through political conquest starting in 1750 “Company Rule” • EIC used the British Colonial army and Sepoys to protect EIC trade and expand commercial rights • Doctrine of Lapse stated that if a regional Indian ruler failed to produce a male heir, the British could take the territory upon the ruler’s death

  12. Indian Sepoy Rebellion, 1857 • Newly issued rifles had cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat • Problem for Hindus: beef • Problem for Muslims: pork • Small-scale sepoy rebellion ignited general anti-British revolution • British gained upper hand in late 1857 by burning down villages • In response to the rebellion, Britain: • Abolished Mughal empire • Exiled emperor to Burma • Abolished East India Company • Established direct rule of India by British government • Organization of agriculture, Infrastructure (railroads, canals) • Set up schools for Indian elites

  13. Imperialism in Central Asia “The Great Game” • British, French, Russians in competition for central Asia • As Britain tightened control on India, other European nations wanted to break Britain’s imperial strength in Asia. • France stopped after Napoleon. Russia active after 1860s in Tashkent, Bokhara, Samarkand; and approached India • The “Great Game”: Russian vs. British intrigue in Afghanistan • Preparation for imperialist war between Britain and Russia • Russia expanded into Afghanistan to the Aral Sea • Russian revolution of 1917 forestalled possible war over India between Russia and Britain

  14. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • The imperial scramble continued through out the Pacific • Spanish: Philippines • Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) • British established presence from 1820s • Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820s; established colonial authority by 1880s • Thomas Stamford Raffles founded port of Singapore for trade in Strait of Melaka • Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870s–1880s • French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos (Indochina), 1859–1893 • Encouraged conversion to Christianity • Introduced European style schools

  15. European Imperialism in the Pacific • English used Australia as penal colony from 1788 • Voluntary migrants followed • Gold discovered, 1851 • Smallpox, measles devastated natives • Territory called terra nullius: “land belonging to no one” • New Zealand: natives forced to sign Treaty of Waitangi (1840), placing New Zealand under British “protection” • Maori misunderstood treaty • After a century of warfare, Maori were subdued and forced onto poor agricultural land separate from Europeans • The influx of Europeans in Australia and the Pacific led to spreading of disease. This led to 75% decrease in Aboriginal (Australia) and Maori (New Zealand) populations

  16. Imperialists in Paradise • Pacific islands: commercial outposts • Whalers seeking port • Merchants seeking sandalwood, sea slugs for sale in China • Missionaries seeking souls • British, French, German, American powers carved islands up for the same reasons as on other continents • Europeans sought coaling station ports for their steam ships • Tonga remained independent, but relied on Britain • The Pacific was also determined at the Berlin Conference • Besides geospatial importance, many cash crops were exported from Pacific islands

  17. The Scramble for Africa (1875–1900) • Europeans had minimal interaction with Africa • Mostly ports for exports • French, Portuguese, Belgians, and English competed for “the dark continent (Roosevelt)” • Prospects of exploiting African resources combined with nationalist pride led to the partition of Africa • Britain established strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia • Suez Canal 1869 • 1.5 million unpaid workers, 10 years to build • Rhodesian gold, diamonds

  18. European Explorers in Africa • Exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger, Congo, Zambesi) • Richard Burton and John Speke • Information on interior of Africa • David Livingstone “lost”, Henry Morton Stanley went to find him • Congo Free State established by King Leopold II of Belgium • Took control of colony in 1908, renamed it Belgian Congo • Leopold personally owned Congo, meaning he kept profit • Working conditions were terrible; hands severed for disobedience • 8 million Congolese died during Leopold’s rule

  19. The Berlin West Africa Conference (1884–1885) • Fourteen European states, United States • No African states present • Rules of colonization: any European state can take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers • European firepower dominated Africa • Exceptions: Ethiopia fought off Italy (1896); Liberia a U.S. dependency • The political boundaries drawn by Europeans disrupted cohesive ethnic groups and forced rival groups to combine • This would lead major ethnic cleansing, genocide and language fragmentation in Africa’s future

  20. South Africa • Cape Town established by Dutch East India, 1652 • Farmers (Boers, later known as Afrikaners) followed to settle territory • Competition and conflict with indigenous peoples • In British 1806 takeover, slavery a major issue • Afrikaners did not like the 1833 abolishment of slavery, so they left their farms • Afrikaners migrated eastward in the Great Trek, overpowered native resistance with superior firepower • Established independent republics • Tolerated by British until gold discovered in 1867

  21. South African War (1899–1902) • Also known as the Boer War • The British wanted to control Afrikaans land • White–white conflict, black soldiers and laborers • 100,000 black Africans were sent to concentration camps • Afrikaners conceded in 1902 • 1910, integrated into Union of South Africa by the British • This war led to increased economic problems for displaced Afrikaans and natives

  22. U.S. Imperialism • As a young nation, wanting to imperialize came from the same motives as their European counterparts • The Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe warned Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere (1823) • All of Americas a U.S. protectorate • Free trade in the Americas • 1867: purchased Alaska from Russia • 1875: established protectorate over Hawai'i • Locals and business owners overthrew queen in 1893, persuaded U.S. to acquire islands in 1898

  23. The Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898–1899) • U.S. declared war on Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 • Took possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • U.S. intervened in other Caribbean, Central American lands; occupied Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti • Monroe Doctrine allowed for direct intervention in the Spanish colonial revolt • Filipinos revolted against Spanish rule • U.S. Navy defeated the Spanish navy in one day at Manilla • The Filipinos revolted against Spanish rule at the same time as the Spanish American War. President McKinley promised support for independence, but reneged once it was over • 1902-1906 Philippines revolted numerous times against U.S. rule

  24. The Panama Canal • President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901–1909) put support behind insurrection against Colombia (1903) in order to gain the land needed to build the canal • Rebels won, established state of Panama • U.S. gained territory to build canal, Panama Canal Zone • Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine • U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U.S. investments threatened

  25. Early Japanese Expansion • Industrialization from Meiji restoration allowed for large armies and navies to be built • Resentment over unequal treaties of 1860s • 1870s controlled islands to the north • 1876, Japanese purchase of warships from Britain, moved to dominate Korea • Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) over Korea a Japanese victory • Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) also ended in Japanese victory

  26. Economic Legacies of Imperialism • Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural resources rather than build manufacturing centers in the colonized country. Therefore this encouraged dependency on imperial power for manufactured goods made from native raw product • Trade for the raw material soared internationally • The Europeans were the only group to benefit from increased trade • Transformed India in order to increase export of cotton to English textile factories. This led to infrastructure development, but nothing else for India. • India had been a major cotton manufacturer before the British and were reduced to a major cotton producer. • Introduction of new crops • Tea in Ceylon and India transformed the environment and economy.

  27. Labor Migrations • Exploitation of colonial resources led to mass migrations of people for sources of labor • Europeans moved to more temperate lands • Worked as free cultivators, industrial laborers • 32 million to the U.S., 1800–1914 • Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders moved to tropical and subtropical lands • Indentured laborers, manual laborers • 2.5 million between 1820 and 1914

  28. Positive and Negative impacts of Imperialism • Infrastructure like railroads, canals built • Increased sanitation and medicine • Increased education for elite native groups • Industrial organization • Ending of harsh native cultural traditions like sati, purdah and caste system • Forced labor • Raw material depletion • Death • Loss of cultural traditions • Racism • Inability to participate in political and economic decision making • Oppression and human rights violations • Arbitrary borders do not match ethnic boundaries leading to future conflicts

  29. Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements • Thousands of insurrections against colonial rule • In German East Africa, Maji Maji rebellion against Germans 1905 • Rebels sprinkled selves with magic water (maji-maji) as protection against modern weapons; 75,000 killed • Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1883), Bengali called “father of modern India” • Reformers called for self-government, adoption of selected British practices (e.g. ban on sati) • Influence of Enlightenment thought, often obtained in European universities • Indian National Congress formed, 1885 • 1916, joined with All-India Muslim League to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials • Pan Africanism rose to represent African identity and nationalism

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