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The Constitution

Explore the historical developments that led to the break with Britain and the emergence of the American nation. Learn about the key components of the Articles of Confederation, the writing of the Constitution, and the conflicts surrounding its ratification. Discover the underlying principles of the Constitution and the compromises made to create a new government.

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The Constitution

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  1. 2 The Constitution

  2. 2 Video: The Big Picture http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/OConner_Ch02_The_Constitution_Seg1_v2.html

  3. 2 LearningObjectives Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation 2.1 Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed 2.2

  4. 2 LearningObjectives Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writing of the Constitution 2.3 Analyze the underlying principles of the Constitution 2.4

  5. 2 Learning Objectives Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the Constitution 2.5 Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the Constitution 2.6

  6. 2 Video: The Basics http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_Constitution_v2.html

  7. 2.1 Roots of the New American Nation • Trade and Taxation • First Steps Toward Independence • First Continental Congress • Second Continental Congress • Declaration of Independence

  8. 2.1 Trade and Taxation • Mercantilism • Strict import/export controls • Widely ignored • Costly French and Indian War • New taxes on sugar (Sugar Act) and paper items (Stamp Act) • “No taxation without representation”

  9. First Steps Toward Independence Stamp Act Congress formed to address grievances Boston Massacre 2.1

  10. 2.1 What really happened at the Boston Massacre?

  11. First Steps Toward Independence Committees of Correspondence build public opinion against Britain Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) Quartering of British troops 2.1

  12. 2.1 First and Second Continental Congresses • First Continental Congress (Sept. 1774) • Battle of Lexington and Concord • Second Continental Congress (May1775) • Olive Branch Petition (July 5, 1775) • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

  13. 2.1 Declaration of Independence • Committee of Five • Thomas Jefferson – principal author • John Locke • Social contract theory • Life, liberty, and property

  14. 2.1 2.1What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress? • The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps • The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards • The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state • The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body

  15. 2.2 First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation • Problems Under the Articles of Confederation • Shays’s Rebellion

  16. 2.2 Problems Under the Articles of Confederation • No power to tax • No power to regulate commerce • No executive to implement laws • No judicial system • No coercive power over states

  17. 2.2 Shays’s Rebellion • Farmers protest farm foreclosures • Shays and followers shut down court • No state militia to quell the uprising

  18. 2.2 What was the result of Shays’s Rebellion?

  19. 2.2 2.2What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? • Direct democracy • Confederacy • Republic • Federal government

  20. 2.3 Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution • Characteristics and Motives of the Framers • Virginia and New Jersey Plans • Constitutional Compromises • Unfinished Business: Executive Branch

  21. 2.3 Characteristics and Motives of the Framers • All wealthy white males • Mostly young • Some slave owners • Relatively educated • Social motives • Maintain social order which benefited them • Economic motives • Maintain property rights which benefited them

  22. 2.3 Virginia and New Jersey Plans • Virginia Plan • Large states • Powerful central government • Representation based on population • New Jersey Plan • Small states • Weak central government • Representation by state

  23. 2.3 Constitutional Compromises • Great Compromise • Bicameral legislature • Number of representatives based on population • Representatives directly elected • States given equal votes in Senate • Senators elected by state legislatures • National power supreme

  24. 2.3 Constitutional Compromises • Issue of Slavery • No limits for 20 years • Three-Fifths Compromise • Representation determined by counting slaves as three-fifths of a person • Gave southern states more representatives

  25. 2.3 Unfinished Business: Executive Branch • One-person executive • 4-year term • Electoral College • Impeachment

  26. 2.3 2.3How was the disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans resolved? • The Three-Fifths Compromise • Checks and balances • Creation of a bicameral legislature • Electoral College

  27. 2.4 U.S. Constitution • Basic Principles of the Constitution • Articles of the Constitution

  28. 2.4 Basic Principles of the Constitution • Federalism • Power divided between national and state governments • National government considered supreme • Power derived from the people

  29. 2.4 Basic Principles of the Constitution • Separation of Powers • Executive branch • Legislative branch • Judicial branch • Checks and Balances • Each branch has powers to check the other two branches

  30. 2.4 What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?

  31. 2.4 How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to one another?

  32. 2.4 Articles of the Constitution • Article I: Legislative branch • Article II: Executive branch • Article III: Judiciary branch • Articles IV through VII

  33. 2.4 Articles of the Constitution • Article I: Legislative branch • Enumerated powers • Necessary and proper clause • Also called the Elastic clause • Implied powers

  34. 2.4 Articles of the Constitution • Article II: Executive branch • commander in chief • authority to make treaties and federal appointments • execute the laws faithfully

  35. 2.4 Why does the president deliver a State of the Union Address?

  36. Articles of the Constitution Article III: Judiciary branch Articles IV through VII Full faith and credit Supremacy clause Amendment process 2.4

  37. 2.4 2.4Which clause makes federal laws supersede conflicting state laws? • Necessary and proper clause • Full faith and credit clause • Elastic clause • Supremacy clause

  38. 2.5 Drive for Ratification of the Constitution • Federalists versus Anti-Federalists • The Federalist Papers • Ratifying the Constitution • Bill of Rights

  39. 2.5 Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists • Federalists favoured strong national government • Anti-Federalists favoured strong state governments • Ratification process was contentious

  40. 2.5 The Federalist Papers • 85 essays by Federalists • Alexander Hamilton (51) • James Madison(26) • John Jay(3) • Appeared in New York newspapers • Theoretical, scholarly • Anti-Federalists responded with critique of Constitution

  41. 2.5 Ratifying the Constitution • Delaware first state • Small states first • New Hampshire 9th state • New York and Virginia

  42. 2.5 The Bill of Rights • Condition of ratification • Sought by Anti-Federalists to protect civil liberties • First ten amendments to Constitution

  43. 2.5 TABLE 2.2: What were the differences Between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists?

  44. 2.5 2.5What did the Anti-Federalists fear? • A strong national government • A weak national government • Strong state governments • Limited taxing power

  45. 2.6 Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the Constitution • Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution • Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution

  46. 2.6 Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution • Proposal • Two-thirds members of both houses • Two-thirds of state legislatures • Never used • Ratification • Vote in state legislature • Vote in ratifying convention

  47. 2.6 FIGURE 2.2: How can the U.S. Constitution be amended?

  48. 2.6 Which is the only constitutional amendment to be repealed?

  49. 2.6 Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution • Judicial interpretation • Supreme Court can decide if laws are unconstitutional • Social and cultural change • Legislation can alter balance of power between government and states • Technological change • Media is redefining free speech

  50. 2.6 2.6Which of the following is an informal method of amending the Constitution? • Ratification by two-thirds of states • Presidential decree • Legislative oversight • Judicial interpretation

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