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Growth of metallic nanowires assisted with a tip. Study of their physical properties.

Growth of metallic nanowires assisted with a tip. Study of their physical properties. BAUD Stéphanie Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6624, Faculté des Sciences, la Bouloie, Université de Franche Comté, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France. Draft of the presentation.

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Growth of metallic nanowires assisted with a tip. Study of their physical properties.

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  1. Growth of metallic nanowires assisted with a tip. Study of their physical properties. BAUD Stéphanie Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 6624, Faculté des Sciences, la Bouloie, Université de Franche Comté, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France

  2. Draft of the presentation 1st part: Study of platinum surfaces  method of calculation (FLAPW).  surface energies, electronic structures and relaxation of platinum surfaces.  step energies and step relaxations.  determination of STM pictures. 2nd part: Elaboration of nanowires  presentation of the KMC code.  growth of nanowires with a repulsive or attractive moving STM tip.  sorting of atoms with a moving STM tip. 3rd part: Properties of Co nanowires  study of magnetic properties of an unsupported Co chain.  study of magnetic properties of a supported Co chain.

  3. 1st part : Study of platinum surfaces Why platinum ? The platinum surfaces, like the gold surfaces are used by experimentalists as templates for the growth of different adatoms showing interesting propertiessuch as Ag, Co, Ni, Fe … Previous KMC studies done in the lab used the platinum surfaces as a substrate. In this case, the potentials and energies were described using a semi empirical potential. The platinum surfaces are well known and described. They constitute a model system in order to investigate a new method of calculation such as the FLAPW one.

  4. The FLAPW method z x [1] http://www.flapw.de/ Electronic structure calculations : use of the DFT as implemented in the FLEUR code[1]. This code is based on a FLAPW (Full-potential Linearized Augmented Planewave) method. DFT : the total energy is the sum of three contributions : The exchange correlation term accounts for all the many body effects. There are two main approximations for this potential : LDA and GGA. (I) Muffin-tin region : electronic wavefunction developped as a linear combination of spherical waves. (II) Interstitial region : electronic wavefunction developped as a linear combination plane waves. (III) Vacuum : exponantial decay of the electronic wavefunctions.

  5. Flat platinum surfaces (111) (111) (100) (100) (110) (110) Electronic structures : • Good agreement between TB and FLAPW for the LDOS and bandstructures results. • Narrowing of the band for the surface atoms. (111) face Surface energies : or Values in eV/surface atom

  6. Flat platinum surfaces Surface relaxations : Pt(111) Pt(100) Pt(110) LDA GGA Surface energies for relaxed surfaces : Values in eV/surface atom

  7. Flat platinum surfaces It is shown both experimentally and theoretically that the Pt(110) as well as Au(110) faces present a (12) reconstruction. Relaxation:

  8. Stepped surfaces : application of the EPP From the surface energies determination of the effective pair potential: With these quantities it is then possible to calculate the energies of isolated step using the formula: with Values in eV Values in eV/step atom

  9. Stepped surfaces : full calculations The step energy is given by: LDOS on different atomic sites for the 6(111)(100) surface (100) faceted step is favored over (111) in ratio of about 0.94 We now consider two specific steps and perform full ab initio calculations on these systems. parameters: p=6; step with (100) and (111) facets 5 k-points in the IDBZ (20 for the DOS calculations) kmax=3.8 a.u, rMT=2.3 a.u Density of states: FLAPW results and TB results are similar narrowing of the bands from bulk to surface and then to edge atoms

  10. Stepped surfaces : full calculations The relaxation strongly modifies the step formation energies and induces values in better agreement with experimental results: (111) faceted step is now favored over (100) in ratio of about 0.88. Each system is relaxed until the forces on the atoms belonging to the external layers are lower than 2 meV/a.u

  11. STM study of Pt vicinal surfaces Basic requirement for self-organized patterns like regular wires by step decoration is a good template. The Pt(997) surface is frequently used by the experimentalists STM z/x image of the clean Pt(997) surface. I = 1.0 nA, V = 0.6 V. 3D close up of the Pt steps. I = 2.7 nA, V = 10 mV. Top view of the STM image and corresponding linescan. Courtesy given by the EPFL team

  12. STM study of Pt vicinal surfaces In order to compare with experimental results, we evaluate the local density of states ( ,E) at different positions and then integrate it over an energy range [EF-DE; EF] or [EF;EF+DE]. We can not underline any enhancement of the local density of states near the step edge. During the experiments  images obtained for a constant chosen current I. According to the Tersoff theory : Integration over the range [EF; EF + 0.3 eV]  = 210-4 Integration over the range [EF -10 meV; EF]  = 210-6

  13. Conclusion of the first part • We used the FLEUR code in order to characterize theoretically a substrate which is often use during the experiments: the platinum. • We have calculated surface energies, electronic structures, step energies and relaxations with a good accuracy. The results were in good agreement with other theoretical results, as well as experimental results. In particular, most of our results showed agreement with spd TB results. • We have calculated theoretical STM pictures of the Pt stepped surface and in particular, we could underline that from a theoretical point of view, no enhancement of the LDOS could be evidenced near the step edge. The strength of the code in the field of STM picture was reinforced by the study of the stacking of Ir on the Ir(111) surface. The calculations conducted on this system have corroborated and enlightened the experimental findings.

  14. 2nd part : Elaboration of nanowires Self-organized growth STM manipulations Maybe we could combine the 2 techniques. Two main ways to create nano-objects : Advantage : large number of objects. Drawback : broad size distribution. Advantage : very good distribution. Drawback : low number of objects. Ag nanowires on Pt(997) vicinal surface P. Gambardella, M. Blanc, H. Brune, K. Kuhnke and K. Kern, PRB 61, 2254 (2000)

  15. The KMC growth model Deposition F deposition (F) • Tip motion : fixed or mobile • Tip height (z) : repulsive or attractive mode • Tip location (x,y) T Diffusion Aggregation Ei (x,y,z) Ei and Elat calculated with diffusion Di(T,Ei) aggregation (Elat) Semi empirical potentials DFT Surface geometry Only 3 parameters F, T and q Comparison with experiments Defects taken into account Simulate MBE growth experiments through different RANDOM microscopic processes F. Picaud, C. Ramseyer, C. Girardet and P. Jensen, PRB 61, 16154 (2000)

  16. Use of a moving STM tip 5 5 6 W=8 2 1 1 4 3 Two ways of using the tip Attractive mode(A) Repulsive mode (R) We use the confinement of the vicinal surfaces. • No interest in a peculiar system but inspired by real systems • Build a simple model, capture the salient features of the growth Parameters : Ed=100K Ea=1.5 Ed  = 0.125 The singularities of the step are included in the model of the potential. Attractive tip Repulsive tip Without the tip S. Baud et al. (Surf. Sci. 532-535, 531 (2003))

  17. Moving STM tip STEP T= 5 K T= 10 K T= 15 K At 15K, adatoms can diffuse more easily on the surface and the step coating is not favoured. 1st row Simulations runned with 3 temperatures. Parallel sweeping mode in a repulsive mode. T= 10 K

  18. Moving STM tip Sweepings in row 4 Sweeping in row 3 Perpendicular sweepings 1 2 3 4 5 The most efficient sweeping is the complete parallel crossing of the terrace. Simulations runned at 10K. 4 different repulsive sweepings.

  19. Moving STM tip Comparison of the repulsive and attractive modes. • T= 10K • = 0.125 ML F=1 ML/s In repulsive mode : increase by 50 % of the first row density In attractive mode : increase by 5% of the first row density

  20. Sorting atoms with a tip After 50 sweepings Jump with T or with the tip Thermodynamic equilibrium state The tip : creates a local order pulls the system in its thermodynamic equilibrium state • T= 10K / Surface 100x100 • A= B= 0.1 ML F=0.001 ML/s • Ea(AA)=Ea(BB)=3Ea(AB)=1.5 Ed After deposition Kinetic state

  21. Sorting atoms with a tip 50 RA - RB 50 AA - RB • T= 5K • A= B= 0.125 ML F=0.1 ML/s DV3-4(A)=0.625 DV3-4(B) Ea(AA)=Ea(BB)=3Ea(AB) =1.5 Ed • Sorting between terrace sites and step sites. • The confinement may not be favorable to the formation of two distinct lines A-B or B-A.

  22. Conclusion of the second part The tip as a fixed or a mobile defect can be used:  to build monoatomic nanowires  to measure the diffusion coefficient Perspectives: Regarding the sorting of different species, there is still some work to be done. For example, real physical systems like coadsorption of Ag and Co on Pt could be investigated in order to compare with the experimental results.

  23. 3rd part : Properties of Co nanowires What’s happening in between ? Experimentalists use the Pt(997) surfaces to grow nanowires of different species like Ag, Ni or Co. This pictures shows Co chains adosrbed on this substrate. d-bandfilling of the Co atom An isolated Co atom has a magnetic moment of 3B. Experimentally, the magnetic moment of the bulk Co is determined to be equal to 1.6B.

  24. Unsupported Co chain parameters: 40 k-points in the IDBZ a=2.81Å kmax=3.4 a.u, rMT=2.6 a.u s band g In a spherical environment, the five d-orbitals have the same energy  single d-band. In the case considered here: Splitting of the d-band due to cylindrical symetry MS = 2.33 B g This value is larger than the one corresponding to the bulk system (1.65 B) or an adsorbed Co monolayer (2.066 B), but it is lower than the value of 3 B corresponding to the isolated Co atom. g

  25. Unsupported Co chain Spin orbit Coupling : is the orbital moment. It characterizes the motion of the electrons around the core. This is a tiny quantity but very important in many applications. • MS is independant of the spin quantization axis and equals 2.33 B • For a free standing chain the easy • axis is along the chain. In this case, ML = 0.977 B

  26. Unrelaxed supported Co chain parameters: 5 k-points in the IDBZ (40 for the bandstructure and the DOS) a=2.81Å kmax=3.2 a.u, rMT=2.2 a.u MS(Co) = 2.14 B The presence of the substrate induces a decrease of the magnetic moment of the Co atom. Bandstructure: Strong modifications compared to the unsupported chain due the presence of the substrate.

  27. Unrelaxed supported Co chain Distribution of the magnetic moments: The presence of the cobalt atoms induces magnetic moments on the neighbouring Pt atoms. Namely the atoms forming the step edges. Variations of the orbital moments and of the anisotropy energies: We have considered 3 different couples of angles (,) and defined the anisotropy DE as: E - E(,) • Strong quenching of the orbital moments. • The easy axis is still along the chain direction.

  28. Relaxed supported Co chain The relaxation of the Co atom is quite large with respect to the surface atoms. Effect of the relaxation on the magnetic moments: Compared to the unrelaxed case: Decrease of the Co magnetic moment and increase of the Pt magnetic moments. The bandwidth W decreases when the system is relaxed.

  29. Relaxed supported Co chain Full calculations (5 k-points) Force theorem (20 k-points) Without relaxation (5 k-points) Effect of the relaxation on the orbitals moments: We consider two types of calculation. Either full calculations done with 5 k-points in the IDBZ, or calculations done with the force theorem and using 20 k-points in the IDBZ. DE is still defined as: E- E(,) Now, the easy axis is not any more along the Co chain. Among the three directions investigated here the favoured one corresponds to the couple of angles (, ) = (/2,0).

  30. Conclusion of the third part Using the SOC term in the Hamiltonian, we were able to determine the orbital moment ML and the orientation of the easy axis with respect to the chain direction. The main result is that the presence of the substrate quenches the values of the Co orbital momentand the relaxation induces a change in the spin quantization axis. Unsupported Co chain MS = 2.33 B E = E - E= -2.2 meV ML  1 B Spin quantization axis along the chain Supported and relaxed Co chain MS = 2.10 B E = E - E= -2.3 meV MLeasy = 0.1 B Spin quantization axis along the (,) = (/2,0) direction. Compare to experiments, we found that anisotropies are in good agreement (Eexp= 2 meV), whereas large discrepancies between experimental and theoreticalorbital moments (MLexp= 0.68 B) are determined.

  31. Collaborations • Xavier Bouju • LPM UMR 6624, groupe NanoSciences CEMES Toulouse. • Pietro Gambardella et Harald Brune • Laboratoire de nanostructures superficielles,EPF Lausanne, Switzerland. • Thomas Michely and Carsten Busse • RWTH Aachen, Germany. • Peter Zeppenfeld • University of Linz, Austria. • Daniel Spanjaard • LPS Orsay • Marie-Catherine Desjonquères et Cyrille Barreteau • CEA Saclay • Stefan Blügel, Gustav Bihmayer and the PhD students of theory I • IFF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. And all the other people present today and during these last three years …..

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