Chapters 2 & 3

1. Chapters 2 & 3 • Physical Geography

2. Vocab • Weathering • Sediment • Erosion • Delta • Moraine • Loess • Seismograph • Epicenter • Richter Scale

3. Human Perspective • Several people have suggested that the continents might fit together • Sir Francis Bacon 1620 • Rock evidence in early 1900s • Wegener’s “theory” • Plate Tectonics

4. Solar System • Sun • Planets • Asteroids • Comets

5. Structure of the Earth • Core-mantle-magma-crust • the four “spheres” • Continental Drift • see p. 29

6. The Blue Planet • Anyone passing through our solar system would be attracted to the blue planet. They would know that the blue color indicated water on Earth. They would know that where there is water there is probably life. They might try to meet us. We, the blue planet, stand out as a beacon to all. • James Irvin, astronaut on Apollo 15 mission

7. Bodies of Water • Water supports life and it helps distribute heat on the Earth • 71% of Earth’s surface • A notion of motion in the ocean • Hydrologic cycle • Freshwater and Saltwater lakes • Rivers and streams • Ground water

8. Landforms • See page 34-35 • Continental Shelf • Relief • Topography

9. Glacier Mountain Range Bay Volcano Valley River Mountain Mouth Channel Swamp Lake Delta Oasis Desert River Gulf Peninsula Cape Archipelago Strait Strait Island Isthmus Harbor Plain Field

10. Internal Forces Shaping the Earth • “The view from overhead makes the theory come alive.” • Sally Ride, female astronaut

11. Plate Tectonics • Floating plates • 3 types of boundaries • and 4 types of motion • Folds and faults

12. Earthquakes • Seismographs • Epicenter • Hazards • Richter Scale • Tsunamis

13. Volcanoes • Most volcanoes are located on tectonic plate boundaries • Magma: lava • Volcanoes are unpredictable • Ring of Fire • Hot springs and geysers • Ash

14. External Forces Shaping the Earth • Sandstorms such as those in Egypt (khamsin) are among the external forces that shape the earth and affect the lives of the people in their paths

15. Weathering • Weathering produces sediment • Mechanical Weathering • Chemical Weathering • Climates can affect weathering

16. Erosion • Movement by wind, water, ice, gravity • Water • Deposition--deltas • Wave action • Winds over 11 mph • Loess • Glaciers

17. Building Soil • Soils combines the rock particles with humus • Parent material • Relief • Organisms • Climate • Time

18. Chapter 3: Climate and Vegetation • Hurricanes are an example of extreme weather that can affect human lives

19. Seasons • Tilt (23.5°) and Revolution • Solstices • Equinoxes

20. Weather • Weather vs. Climate • 3 Types of Precipitation • Convectional • Orographic (rain shadow) • Frontal

21. Weather Extremes • Hurricanes (typhoons, cyclones, willy- willies, chubascos) • Tornadoes • Blizzards • Droughts • Floods

22. Climates • El Niños can cause changes in climatic patterns

23. Vocabulary • Convection • Greenhouse effect

24. Factors Influencing Climate • Wind flows from high pressure areas to low pressure areas • Global wind patterns are predictable • Cold water currents usually cause drier climates • Latitude is the most important factor • Elevation is the second most important • Topography • Proximity (nearness) to water

25. Changes in Climate • Over thousands of years, climates will change • There is also variation between years • El Nino • La Nina • Global Warming

26. Section 3: World Climate Regions • While Paris, France and Winnipeg, Canada are about the same latitude, one is loved in “the Springtime”; the other isn’t.

27. Defining a Climate Region • Typical conditions over many years • Temperature and Precipitation • Text uses five basic climate regions • See pages 60-61

28. Types of Climates • Tropical Wet • Tropical Wet and Dry • Desert • Semi-arid

29. Mid-latitude Climates • Marine West Coast • Mediterranean • Humid Continental • Humid Sub-tropical

30. High-latitude Climates • Sub-arctic • Tundra • Ice Cap • Highlands

31. Section 4: Soils and Vegetation • Most places where people have settled have been used for agricultural purposes, such as farming, herding and timber production. Soil and vegetation have a direct impact on which of those activities the people living in a region can perform.

32. Soil Regions • World food supply depends on topsoil • Depth, texture and humus content determine types of vegetation • Vegetation influences human activities

33. Vegetation Regions • Place: ecosystem • Region: Biome • Forest • Grassland • Desert • Tundra

34. Plant Succession • Starts when a catastrophic event occurs • Starts with small plants • Ends in Climax Community

35. Forest Biomes • Usually three layers • Most animals live in trees • Little vegetation on floor

36. Tropical Rainforests

37. Coniferous Forest • Needle Leaf Forest • Cones for seeds • Cold weather

38. Coniferous • In Northern Continents

39. Deciduous Forest • Turn color in Autumn • Lose leaves

40. Mixed Forests • Combined Broadleaf and Needle Leaf

41. Mixed and Deciduous • In Humid Continental and Humid Subtropical Climate Zones

42. Mediterranean • Scattered Trees & Shrubs: Chaparral • Adapted to dry seasons and fires

43. Riparian Forests • In river and creek beds

44. Savannas • Scattered Trees • Grasses • Scattered shrubs • Large Mammals • Elephants • Giraffes • Zebras

45. Savannas

46. Grasslands-Prairies • Tall grasses • Scattered trees and shrubs • Good for grazing large mammals • Bison • Cows

47. Grasslands-Steppes • Short grasses • Seasonal grazing only

48. Deserts • Cactus • Small shrubs adapted to dry areas • Wildflowers

49. Deserts

50. Tundra • Mosses • Lichens • Low shrubs • Small flowering plants