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Astroparticle Science in Europe: its underground laboratories

Astroparticle Science in Europe: its underground laboratories. Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). What Astroparticle Physics is?. Employs knowledges and techniques from particle physics in order to study cosmological and astrophysical aspects. Astrophysics & Cosmology.

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Astroparticle Science in Europe: its underground laboratories

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  1. Astroparticle Science in Europe: its underground laboratories Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  2. What Astroparticle Physics is? Employs knowledges and techniques from particle physics in order to study cosmological and astrophysical aspects Astrophysics & Cosmology Particle physics Astroparticle physics Detects particles coming from space for particle physics studies Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  3. Typical studies of astroparticle physics are: • Neutrino Physics (Solar, Supernova, Atmospherics, Geoneutrinos, neutrinos from reactors and from accelerators, etc..) • Cosmic Ray Physics • Rare Processes (double beta decay, proton decay etc..) • Dark Matter(WIMP’s) • Gravitational Waves • Nuclear Physics (Cross section measurements of astrophysics interest) • ……. Very little cross sections and/or very rare processes means to shield the detector apparatus from cosmic radiation Underground laboratories Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  4. Underground Laboratories in Europe Pyhäsalmi Boulby SUL Frejus Canfranc Gran Sasso Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  5. LNGS - Laboratori Nazionali delGran Sasso, Italy http://www.lngs.infn.it/ Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  6. 3 main halls A B C 100 x 18 m2 (h.20 m) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  7. Experiments @ LNGS (Gran Sasso) Completed experiments Atm ν, Monopoles MACRO (Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillators) Solar neutrinos GALLEX / GNO (~ 30 T Gallium radiochemical detector) ββ Heidelberg-Moscow (~ 11 kg enriched 76Ge detectors) Mibeta (~ 7 kg Bolometers TeO2) Dark Matter DAMA (~100 kg NaI detectors) MI-Beta Macro bb H-M Gallex - GNO Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  8. Experiments @ LNGS (Gran Sasso) Running experiments ββ Cuoricino (~ 41 kg TeO2 crystals) Dark Matter CRESST (Sapphire cryodetector & CaWO4 crystals (phonons+scintillation)) LIBRA (~ 250 kg NaI crystals) WARP (Liquid Argon) HDMS (Ge detector 73Ge enriched) XENON10 (10 kg Xe TPC) Supernova neutrinos LVD (Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillator) Nuclear astrophysics LUNA (Accelerator 50-400 kV) LUNA XENON10 LIBRA HDMS LVD CRESST Cuoricino Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  9. Borexino Experiments @ LNGS (Gran Sasso) Under construction CERN-GS beam ν OPERA (Emulsion) ICARUS (~ 600 T Liquid Argon) Solar Neutrinos Borexino (~ 300 T Liquid scintillator) Planned & proposed ββ CUORE (~ 750 kg Te02) GERDA (76Ge) COBRA (116Cd and 130Te) Nuclear astrophysics LUNA-III Gravitational waves LISA R&D Dark matter Liquid Ar (TPCs) XENON100 (100 kg Xe TPC) ICARUS OPERA Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  10. LSM - Laboratoire Souterrainde Modane, France http://www-lsm.in2p3.fr/ Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  11. 1 Main hall 30 x 10m2 (h 11m) + gamma spectr. hall(70 m2) + 2 secondary hallsof 18 m2 and 21 m2 Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  12. Experiments @ LSM (Modane) Completed experiments p decay & Atm ν Frejus proton decay exp (Fe and flash chamber). ββ NEMO-I (prototype NemoIII) NEMO-II (prototype NemoIII) TGV (Stack of Ge detectors with sheets of DBD candidates) Dark Matter EDELWEISS-I (1 kg Ge bolometer heat+ionization) EDELWEISS I Running experiments and Under construction ββ NEMO-III (Tracking + calorimeter) Dark Matter EDELWEISS-II (10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ioniz.) EDELWEISS II NEMO III Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  13. LSC - Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, Spain Tobazo's peak http://ezpc00.unizar.es/lsc/index2.html Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  14. 2 small halls [Lab1] 36 m2 + 1 Main hall [Lab3] 20 x 5 m2 (h 4.5 m) Canfranc railway tunnel entrance Now used only to store materials Mobile Lab (now dismounted) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  15. Experiments @ LSC (Canfranc) Completed & Running experiments ββ IGEX-2β (~ 9 kg enriched Ge detectors) Dark Matter IGEX-DM (~ 2 kg enriched Ge detectors) ANAIS (NaI Crystals) ROSEBUD (Bolometers: Sapphire, Ge, BGO, CaW04) Under construction ββ GEDEON (Set of Ge crystals 30-90 kg) Dark Matter ROSEBUD I (Bolom and Scint) ArDM (Liq Ar) ROSEBUD ANAIS IGEX Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  16. ROAD TUNNEL Ultra-Low background Facility 15 x 10 m (h=8 m) Main Hall 40 x 15 m (h=11 m) Access gallery Old Laboratoy 20 x 5 m (h=4.5 m) installations, clean rooms & offices RAILWAY TUNNEL The new Canfranc Underground Laboratory Main Hall Access Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  17. IUS – Boulby Mine Laboratory, UK http://hepwww.rl.ac.uk/ukdmc/ukdmc.html Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  18. [Stub2] 300 m2 + [Stub2a] 150 m2 + [H area] + 900 m2 + [JIF area] 2500 m2 Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  19. Experiments @ IUS (Boulby mine) Completed Experiments Dark Matter NaIAD (~ 65 kg NaI Advanced Detector) ZEPLIN-I (~ 3.1 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) NaIAD ZEPLIN I Running experiments and Under construction Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II (~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) DRIFT (Low pressure Xe gaseous TPC) ZEPLIN-III ( 6 kg Liq Xe + 3D reconstruction) ZEPLIN II DRIFT Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  20. CUPP - Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi, Finland http://cupp.oulu.fi/ Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  21. The project to host an underground laboratory in the mine was started in 1993, and the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi (CUPP) was physically established in 2001. The new mine started to operate in July 2001. It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe). The largest cavern that can be easily constructed is 100 x 15 x 20 m3. The old part of the mine: There will be plenty of free space to host and storage experiments An example of the layout Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  22. SUL – Solotvina Underground Laboratory, Ukraine http://lpd.kinr.kiev.ua/ Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  23. It was constructed in 1984 by the Institute for Nuclear Research (Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences). It is situated on the west of Ukraine, in Solotvina near the border with Romania. 1 Main hall 30 x 20 m2 (h 8 m)+ 4 small halls3 x 6 m2 (h 3 m) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  24. Experiments @ SUL (Solotvina) The principal scientific goal of the Laboratory is search for rare or forbidden processes in nuclear and particle physics, mainly for double beta (2β) decay of atomic nuclei. 116CdWO4 detectors the CARVEL (CAlcium Research for VEry Low neutrino mass) proposal is developed for 2β0ν decay of 48Ca with 48CaWO4 crystal scintillators (~100 kg ) with sensitivity of T1/2 ≥ 1027 yr andmν ≤ 0.04-0.09 eV Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  25. Integrated Large Infrastructures for Astroparticle Science ILIAS ILIAS is an initiative supported by the European Union with the aim to support the European large infrastructures operating in the astroparticle physics sector. Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  26. The ILIAS project is based on 3 groups of activities: • Networking Activities • (N2) Deep Underground science laboratories • (N3) Direct dark matter detection • (N4) Search on double beta decay • (N5) Gravitational wave research • (N6) Theoretical astroparticle physics • Joint Research Activities (R&D Projects) • (JRA1) Low background techniques for Deep Underground Science • (JRA2) Double beta decay European observatory • (JRA3) Study of thermal noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors • Transnational Access Activities • (TA1) Access to the EU Deep Underground Laboratories Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  27. JRA1 (Joint Research Activities 1): Low background techniques for deep underground sciences (LBT-DUSL) • Objectives: • Background identification and measurement (intrinsic, induced, environmental) • Background rejection techniques (shielding, vetoes, discrimination) Working packagesWP1: Measurements of the backgrounds in the underground labsWP2: Implementation of background MC simulation codesWP3: Ultra-low background techniques and facilitiesWP4: Radiopurity of materials and purification techniques A vast R&D programme on the improvement and implementation of ultra-low background techniques will be carried out cooperatively in the European Underground Laboratories. Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  28. Borexino • Italy (INFN & Universiy of Milano Genova, Perugia LNGS) • USA (Princeton Univ., Virginia Tech.) • Russia (RRC KI, JINR, INP MSU, INP St. Petersburg) • Germany (Hiedelberg MPI, Munich Technical University) • France (College de France) • Hungary (Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics) • Poland (Institute of Physics, Jaegollian University, Cracow) CHERENKOV Less than 0.01% of the solar neutrino flux is been measured in real time. pp cycle RADIOCHEMICAL Integrated in energy and time The main goal of Borexino is to measure in real time the low energy (< 1 MeV) component of solar neutrinos. Radiocontaminants < 10-16 g/g (238U and 232Th equivalent) ! Background from natural radioactivity Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  29. Direct observation of vacuum oscillations Survival probability (LMA-Solution) Vacuum oscillations Oscillation in matter (MSW) 7Be Not still studied in direct way MeV • Beside solar ν Borexino could study: • neutrinos coming from the Earth (Geoneutrinos), • neutrinos coming from Supernova, • magnetic moment of neutrino [with artificial source 51Cr] 51Cr (E = 751 keV) Activity = 2.5 MCi Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  30. BOREXINO: subsystems • Scintillator purification systems: • Water extraction • Vacuum distillation • Silicagel adsorption Borexino detector Storage tanks: 300tons of PC Control room Counting room CTF DI Water plant Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  31. Borexino design Core of the detector: 300 tons of liquid scintillator (PC+PPO)contained in a nylon vessel of 8.5 m diameter. The thickness of nylon is 125 µm. 1st shield: 1000 tons of ultra-pure buffer liquid (pure PC) contained in a stainless steel sphere of 13.7 m diameter (SSS). 2200 photomultiplier tubes pointing towards the center to view the light emitted by the scintillator. 2nd shield: 2400 tons of ultra-pure water contained in a cylindrical dome. 200 photomultiplier tubes mounted on the SSS pointing outwards to detect Cerenkov light emitted in the water by muons. Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  32. Eν = 862 keV (monochromatic) ΦSSM = 4.8· 109 ν s-1 cm2 Recoil nuclear energy of the e- Elastic Scattering expected rate (LMA hypothesis) is 35 counts/day in the 250-800 keV energy range Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  33. Experimental Hall C Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  34. External dome 18 m Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  35. Stainless Steel Sphere (SSS) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  36. PMTs ready to be mounted Clean Room Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  37. Borexino inner detector Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  38. Optical fiber istallation Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  39. Borexino inner detector Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  40. Nylon vessels (Princeton Univ.) Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  41. Nylon vessels installation Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  42. Nylon vessels installed and inflated Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  43. Cables installation Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  44. Counting Room Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  45. Cleen Room (on top of the Water Tank) for the insertions of lasers and sources for calibrations. Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  46. Counting Test Facility (CTF) CTF is a prototype of Borexino. Its main goal was to verify the capability to reach the very low-levels of contamination needed for Borexino 100 PMTs 4 tons of scintillator 4.5m thickness of water shield Muon-veto detector Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  47. Internal view of CTF Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

  48. In this moment we are filling the detector Lino Miramonti – 6 Feb 2007 – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

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