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Chapter 1. The Legacy of the Roman Empire. The lion in Florence…. In Rome with Ms. Stuart-. Ms. Stuart, Mrs. Harlan, and Ms. Harlan touching a piece of history…. Geography Challenge 1. Medieval Europe Question 1 1. Label the continent of Asia. 2. What continent is located south of
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Chapter 1 The Legacy of the Roman Empire
Ms. Stuart, Mrs. Harlan, and Ms. Harlan touching a piece of history…
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 1 1. Label the continent of Asia. 2. What continent is located south of Europe?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 2 1. Label the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea. 2. In what ways might these bodies of water have influenced life in medieval Europe?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 3 1. Label the Seine, Thames, and Danube Rivers. 2. Why do you think large medieval cities were located along rivers?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 4 1. Label the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathian Mountains. 2. What effect do you think these mountains had on life in medieval Europe?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 5 1. Label England, France, the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Byzantine Empire. 2. Each of these areas had a different leader. Why do you think Europe had no single government during the Middle Ages?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 6 1. Label the cities of Constantinople, Hamburg, London, Paris, and Rome. 2. What is common about the locations of all of these cities? 3. How might that have affected life in medieval Europe?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 7 1. Color the areas of Europe in the “humid oceanic” climate zone green. Medieval farmers used plows to break up the soil here. They rotated their crops (e.g., planting wheat or rye in the fall, oats or barley in the spring). 2. What does this tell you about the climate and soil in this zone?
Geography Challenge 1 • Medieval Europe Question 8 1. Color the areas of Europe in the “subtropical dry summer” climate zone orange. In this zone, medieval farmers were able to grow a host of crops, such as wheat, olive trees, and wine grapes. 2. What does this tell you about the climate and soil in this zone?
Answers 1 and 2 Question 1 • Africa is the continent that is south of Europe. Question 2 • These bodies of water allowed traders to move goods throughout Europe more easily but also made settlements along coastal areas vulnerable to attack by invaders.
3 and 4 Question 3 • Large cities may have been located along rivers because it was easier in medieval Europe to travel and ship goods by water. Question 4 • The mountains acted as barriers to travelers and traders, and as protection.
5 and 6 Question 5 • Answers will vary. The fall of the Roman Empire created political disunity. Some invaders set up new kingdoms, while in other areas the Catholic Church or political leaders in Constantinople worked to maintain order. Question 6 • These cities are all located next to bodies of water, which allowed travelers and traders to reach them easily.
7 and 8 Question 7 • Answers will vary. In this climate zone, winters are cool and summers are warm. It rains moderately throughout the year, and clouds, fog, and drizzle are common. Soils are generally heavy and sticky due to high levels of clay. Question 8 • Answers will vary. In this climate zone, summers are warm to hot while winters are mild and rainy. Soils in this area tend to be sandy and drain well.
ROMAN EMPIRE • For 500 years, from about 27 B.C.E. to 476 C.E., the city of Rome was the capital of the greatest empire the world has ever seen. • During this time, it was generally peaceful and prosperous. There was one official language and code of law. • The fall of Rome marks the end of the ancient world and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
The End of the Roman Empire in the West • Rome’s first emperor, Caesar Augustus, ended 100 years of civil war and expanded the boundaries of the empire. But by year 500, the empire began to collapse. • There were a number of problems that combined to bring about its fall. • Political Instability – fighting over political leadership • Economic and Social Problems – heavy taxes, trade suffered, unemployment, corruption, decline in spirit, and increase in crime. • Weakening frontiers – the huge size of the empire made it difficult to defend. Communication took weeks.
Divided Empire and Invading Tribes • In 330 C.E. emperor Constantine changed the future of Rome forever – he moved the capital 850 miles east to the ancient city of Byzantium. He renamed the city New Rome and later it was called Constantinople. (Today it is Istanbul, Turkey) • After Constantine reign, power over the vast empire was usually divided between 2 emperors – one based in Rome and one in Constantinople • The emperors in Rome soon found themselves threatened by invading Germanic tribes.
Invading Tribes • In 410 C.E., one of these tribes attacked and looted Rome. In 476, the last emperor in the west was driven from his throne and the western half of the empire began to dissolve into separate kingdoms ruled by different tribes. • In the east, the empire continued for another 1,000 years. • In western Europe, Rome’s fall did not mean the end of Roman civilization. The influence of Rome lived on through the medieval period and all the way to our time.
Roman Legacy of Art • Art • Romans adopted many aspects of other cultures including their art. • They imitated Greek sculpture and were very good at making lifelike busts and statues. • Romans were also great patrons (sponsors) of the arts – murals, mosaics, frescoes. • Blown Glass - Venice • Gem cutting and metalworking • Cameo – carved showing a carved decoration showing a portrait or a scene.
Legacy of Roman Architecture • The Romans were skilled and clever builders. They borrowed ideas from other cultures but improved on the ideas. • They learned how to use the arch, vault and dome to make large buildings. • Used concrete in wide usage – not the first to make it but the first to use it in vast amounts. • Romans invented a new kind of stadium. • These large open open-air structures seated thousands of spectators. The Romans used concrete to build tunnels into the famous stadium in Rome, the Coliseum. The tunnels made it easy for spectators to reach their seats. Our modern football stadium still use this feature. The grand style of Roman buildings has inspired many architects through the centuries (churches and cathedrals). You can see a the Roman influence today in banks, churches, government buildings. (U.S. Capitol Building)
Legacy of Roman Engineering • Romans were the greatest builders of roads, bridges, and aqueducts (a pipe or channel built to carry water between distant places). • More than 5,000 miles of road connected Rome with the frontiers of the empire. They built their roads with layers of stone, sand, and gravel. • They built aqueducts that brought water from about 60 miles away to the homes of the city’s wealthiest citizens, as well as to public baths and fountains.
The Legacy of Roman Language and Writing • Roman Language was Latin. After the fall of the empire, Latin continued to be used by scholars and the Roman Catholic Church. • Latin remains extremely influential today. Several modern European languages developed from Latin, including Italian, Spanish, and French. English has borrowed heavily from Latin. In fact, we still use the Latin alphabet, although Latin has 23 letters and English has 26. • Example – Our calendar comes from one adopted by Julius Caesar. • August – honors Caesar Augustus • September – comes from the Latin words meaning “the seventh month” (The Roman new year started in March) • October means “the eighth month”
Language Continued… • Many English words start with Latin prefixes and use Latin roots. • We use Latin proverbs – See a U.S. penny • Roman numerals are still used today (clocks, sundials, and the first pages of books)
