History of Education: After the Civil War

History of Education: After the Civil War Chapter 5C - Foundations

Hispanic American Education ~ Fastest growing ethnic group * From Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central America, South America, Mexico * Majority in California, Texas, and Florida ~ 1917: Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of the U.S. and the people became citizens of the US ~ Some believe bilingual education s necessary for more Hispanics to succeed in school

Asian American Education 1850s – found jobs in the gold mines and railroads 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act 1924 – Oriental Exclusion Act During WWII – relocated to internment camps & their property was confiscated 1970s – Influx of Koreans, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians, Thais

Exceptional Learners • In early 20th century, conditions were overcrowded, impersonal, sometimes inhumane • Scientists began measuring & classifying disabilities in the mid-20th century • Public school began adding classes & programs for exceptional learners • 1960s – Civil Rights movement brought changes: • Such as early intervention and integration

American Women • 1920 – Right to Vote Amendment • 1964: Equal Employment Act • no job discrimination, including by gender • 1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments Act • guaranteed no person could be excluded from an education program or activity based on gender • greatest impact on public education: was in sports. * Girls must be given equal access to coaching and equipment • 1974 Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) • Attacked sex discrimination in education professions

Teaching After the Civil War • 1920 – 86% of teachers were women, but most administrators were men • marriage was seen as a liability • (women lost their job once married) • Progressive movement was encouraged: • schools should focus on students’ needs and interests, rather than the teachers’ • John Dewey advocated: • child-centered education and suggested integrating subjects with social activities

Teaching After the Civil War(cont.) • 1957 – Sputnik- Soviet Union put the first satellite into space • greater emphasis on math, science and foreign language • 1958 – National Defense Education Act (NDEA) • provided money for upgrading math, science, foreign language, and guidance departments • 2002 – No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA)

Schools After the Civil War • Most schools were small & rural in late 1800s/early 1900s • 1920s • rural districts combined to increase resources and centralize administration • sometimes required long bus routes • city districts were patterned after the factory model: • a superintendent, a few principals, and many teachers

Schools After the Civil War(cont.) • 1940s – preschools were popular and funded until federal funds were withdrawn and preschools were closed • 1960s – Head Start began to serve 4 & 5 year olds • Most of these students were economically disadvantaged

Schools After the Civil War(cont.) • School Organization: • Late 19th/early 20th century: • Elementary = K-8; High School = 9-12 • saw an increase in public high schools and a decrease in private schools • high schools offered many courses for students with diverse needs, interests and abilities

Schools After the Civil War(cont.) • 1920s school organization (6-3-3) • Elementary = 1-6; Junior High = 7-9; High School = 10-12 • 1950-60s school organization (6-2-4) • Elementary = 1-6; Junior High = 7-8; High School = 9-12 increase in higher education • 21st century (4-4-4) • Elementary = K-4; Middle School = 5-8; High School = 9-12

Schools After the Civil War(cont.) School Curriculum 1893: Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies - standardized high school curriculum across the US 1895: Committee of Fifteen - addressed standardized elementary curriculum 21stcentury curriculum is assessed by the NAEP test: - National Assessment of Educational Progress

History of Education: After the Civil War