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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Which of these is most closely related to you?. Which of these is most closely related to you?. Echinoderms and Chordates are the only two phyla of deuterostomes. Vertebrates. Chordata fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. Deuterostome coelomates

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates

  2. Which of these is most closely related to you?

  3. Which of these is most closely related to you?

  4. Echinoderms and Chordates are the only two phyla of deuterostomes. Vertebrates

  5. Chordata fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Deuterostome coelomates Notochord serves as axis of body Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Tails. Human coccyx is vestigial tail. Birds & mammals = homeotherms (constant body temperature) All others are poikilotherms (cold-blooded) though some reptiles are endothermic.

  6. Mammalsclass Nurse their young with milk Have hair or fur made of keratin Homeotherms Placental = develops in womb Marsupial = born early, develops in pouch Monotreme = egg-laying (duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater).

  7. Primatesorder Hands with opposable thumbs Claws have become nails Eyes are in front and close together for binocular vision Nurture their young for a long time.

  8. Chordate Characteristics

  9. A flexible rod between the nerve cord and the digestive tube All chordates have this as embryos Most develop later into complex, jointed skeleton. Chordate Characteristics Notochord

  10. Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube Unique to chordates. (Other phyla have solid, ventral nerve cords) Develops into central nervous system, spinal cord, and brain. Chordate Characteristics Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

  11. Just posterior to the mouth Used for suspension feeding and gas exchange (gills) In land animals, they develop into parts of the ear. Chordate Characteristics Pharyngeal slits or clefts

  12. Lost during embryonic development in many species Provides propulsion for many aquatic species. Chordate Characteristics Muscular, post-anal tail

  13. Classes of Chordates

  14. Classes of Chordates Tunicates

  15. Classes of Chordates Tunicates

  16. Classes of Chordates Tunicates

  17. Classes of Chordates Tunicates

  18. Classes of Chordates Lancelets

  19. Classes of Chordates Lancelets

  20. Classes of Chordates Hagfish • Craniate (has brain and skull) • No jaws • No vertebrae

  21. Classes of Chordates Hagfish

  22. Classes of Chordates Hagfish

  23. Classes of Chordates Hagfish

  24. Classes of Chordates Lamprey • Vertebrate (has backbone) • Still no jaws

  25. Classes of Chordates Lamprey

  26. Classes of Chordates Lamprey

  27. Classes of Chordates Lamprey

  28. Classes of Chordates Sharks and Rays • Gnathostomes (“jaw-mouths”) • Bones have some mineralization but are still mostly cartilage • Acute senses (lateral line, nostrils, black-and-white vision) • Oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous.

  29. Classes of Chordates Sharks and Rays

  30. Classes of Chordates Sharks and Rays

  31. Classes of Chordates Sharks and Rays

  32. Classes of Chordates Ray-Finned Fishes

  33. Classes of Chordates Lobe-Finned Fishes

  34. Classes of Chordates Lungfishes

  35. Tetrapods

  36. Classes of Tetrapods Amphibians Urodela (“tailed ones”) Salamanders Anura (“tailless ones”) Frogs and toads Apoda (“legless ones”) Caecilians

  37. Classes of Tetrapods • Amphibians • Adaptations: • Camouflage • Poison • Metamorphosis / paedomorphosis • Complex social behavior • Eggs lack shells, dehydrate quickly • Gas exchange through moist skin

  38. Amniotes

  39. Amniotes • Amniotic egg may be laid on land. • Contains extra-embryonic membrane • May be calcified (birds) or leathery (reptiles) or may implant in the uterus (mammals)

  40. Phylogeny of Amniotes Synapsidia Anapsidia Ancestral amniote Diapsidia

  41. Phylogeny of Amniotes Mammals Turtles Lizards & Snakes Crocodiles Dinosaurs Birds Synapsidia Anapsidia Ancestral amniote Diapsidia

  42. Phylogeny of Amniotes Mammals Turtles Lizards & Snakes Crocodiles Dinosaurs Birds Synapsidia Anapsidia Ancestral amniote Diapsidia

  43. Reptiles • Adaptations: • Keratinized skin • Lungs • Leathery shells on eggs • Ectotherms.

  44. Birds began as feathered reptiles • Adaptations: • Feathers • Honeycombed bones • Missing some organs • Gizzard instead of teeth • Endothermic • Four-chambered heart • Good vision • Relatively large brains.

  45. Mammals diversified in the wake of the Cretaceous extinctions • Adaptations: • Mammary glands • Hair • Four-chambered heart • Endothermic • Placenta / live birth • Large brains • Differentiated teeth.

  46. Primates and Human Evolution • Adaptations: • Brain size • Jaw shape • Bipedal posture • Size difference between sexes • Long-term pair bonding • Long-term infant dependency.

  47. Multiregional Hypothesis interbreeding 1-2 million years ago African European Asian Austalasian Homo erectus In Africa

  48. Replacement Hypothesis 100,000 years ago 1-2 million years ago African European Asian Austalasian Homo erectus In Africa

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