Cells & Cell Organelles

1. Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work

2. bacteriacells Types of cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells

3. Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

4. Why study cells? • Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies • Bodies Made up of Cells__ • cells do all the work of life!

5. The Work of Life • What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… • “breathe” • gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out • eat • take in & digest food • make energy • ATP • build molecules • proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids • remove wastes • control internal conditions • homeostasis • respond to external environment • build more cells • growth, repair, reproduction & development ATP

6. The Jobs of Cells • Cells have 3 main jobs • make energy • need energy for all activities • need to clean up waste produced while making energy • make proteins • proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them • make more cells • for growth • to replace damaged or diseased cells Our organellesdo all thesejobs!

7. Organelles • Organelles do the work of cells • each structure has a job to do • keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re likemini-organs! Model Animal Cell

8. 1. Cells need power! • Making energy • to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… • take in food & digest it • take in oxygen (O2) • make ATP • remove waste • organelles that do this work… • cell membrane • lysosomes • vacuoles & vesicles • mitochondria ATP

9. phosphate“head” Cell membrane • Function • separates cell from outside • controls what enters or leaves cell • O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste • recognizes signals from other cells • allows communication between cells • Structure • double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer • receptor molecules • proteins lipid “tail”

10. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

11. Vacuoles & vesicles • Function • moving material around cell • storage • Structure • membrane sac small foodparticle vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

12. food vacuole central vacuole contractilevacuole Food & water storage plant cells animal cells

13. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

14. Lysosomes • Function • digest food • used to make energy • clean up & recycle • digest broken organelles • Structure • membrane sac of digestive enzymes lysosomes digesting brokenorganelles vacuole small foodparticle digesting food

15. A Job for Lysosomes 6 weeks 15 weeks

16. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

17. Mitochondria • Function • make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure • double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells

18. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

19. Plants make energy two ways! ATP • Mitochondria • make energy from sugar + O2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O2  ATP • Chloroplasts • make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar • ATP = active energy • sugar = stored energy • build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP

20. mitochondria chloroplast Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells

21. cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up

22. 2. Cells need workers = proteins! • Making proteins • to run daily life & growth, the cell must… • read genes (DNA) • build proteins • structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) • enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) • signals (hormones) & receptors • organelles that do this work… • nucleus • ribosomes • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus

23. Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells

24. Nucleus • Function • control center of cell • protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure • nuclear membrane • nucleolus • ribosome factory • chromosomes • DNA

25. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

26. Ribosomes • Function • protein factories • read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure • some free in cytoplasm • some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER

27. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes build proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • works on proteins • helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them • makes membranes • Structure • rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins • smooth ER • makes membranes

29. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER works on proteins makes membranes

30. Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters • shipping & receiving department • ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure • membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles

31. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

32. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER works on proteins makes membranes

33. TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

34. nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes nucleus control cell protects DNA ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals lysosome digestion & clean up

35. 3. Cells need to make more cells! • Making more cells • to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… • copy their DNA • make extra organelles • divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells • organelles that do this work… • nucleus • centrioles

36. Centrioles • Function • help coordinate cell division • only in animal cells • Structure • one pair in each cell

37. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

38. Cell Summary • Cells have 3 main jobs • make energy • need food + O2 • cellular respiration & photosynthesis • need to remove wastes • make proteins • need instructions from DNA • need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein • make more cells • need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Our organellesdo all thosejobs!

39. That’s mycellular story… Any Questions?

40. The Cell Theory is one of the Fundamental Concepts of Biology Cell – a structure within a living thing that has a definite boundary enclosing the material inside. Cell Theory States: 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. 3. All cells are produced from pre-existing cells. LIFE Is Cellular

41. Microscopes Provide Windows to the World of the Cell • The Microscope’s invention led to the discovery of the cell • In 1655, Robert Hooke observed cork using a crude light microscope and described the “tinychambers” he saw as “cells”

42. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Lens-maker who first observed “tinyanimals” in a drop of pond water • In 1674 Revealed Microscopic Life using a simple, crude microscope

43. Other Contributors to the Cell Theory • Matthias Schleiden determined that All Plants are made-up of cells (1837) Theodore Schwann made similar observations about animals: all animals are made up of cells (1838) Schleiden Schwann

44. Rudolf Virchow studied cell reproduction • 1855 summarized his study of cells by stating, “Where a cell exists, there Must have been a pre-existing Cell ……” Rudolf Virchow

45. Exceptions to Cell Theory • Viruses- “Active Particles” Not Cells • Latin for “poison” • Does Not meet Criteria for “Life” • Require a host to replicate • Do Not engage in Life Activities

47. Mitochondrion Chloroplasts

48. The Unity and Diversity of Cells • Although it is agreed that all life is composed of cells, and share similar structures and functions • Please Note: Cells Vary in Size, Shape and Complexity • Life has evolved from Simple to Complex • Prokaryotes to-- single-celled Eukaryotes to--- Multicellular Organisms (composed of specialized eukaryotic cells)

49. Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytoplasm Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Differ in Size and Complexity Prokaryotic CellNo Nucleus, or organelles Extremely Small and Simple Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell ------> Organelles

50. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes