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AFRICA

The struggle for independence across Africa sparked a significant growth of nationalism, stemming from deep-rooted pride in homelands. Influenced by global movements and the sacrifices made during World War II, Africans united to liberate themselves from colonial rule. However, this transition posed numerous challenges. New leaders often lacked governance experience, resulting in unstable governments. Economic struggles persisted with limited industrialization and reliance on cash crops. Additionally, social issues like education and health care became pressing concerns. Despite these hurdles, Africans continue to strive for self-sufficiency and development.

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AFRICA

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  1. AFRICA INDEPENDENCE AND ITS CHALLENGES

  2. GROWTH OF NATIONALISM • Nationalism – a feeling of pride in one’s homeland • Many Africans dreamed of independence in their homeland just as Jews have always dreamed of an independent homeland

  3. Growth of Nationalism • Fight for independence difficult and sometimes violent • “The wrongs of the past must now stand forgiven and forgotten” – Robert Mugabe – Zimbabwe’s president (ironic) • African’s had to work together to build self-governing nations

  4. Working together to fight colonialism • Leaders worked to encourage pride in being African • Colonial powers often put rival tribes in one land – they had to learn to work together • 1912 – African National Congress in South Africa began fighting for rights

  5. PAN AFRICANISM • A movement that stressed unity and cooperation among all Africans • “Africa for the Africans” • Encouraged Africans to be proud of their own traditions and culture

  6. WORLD WAR 11 • Africans fought and died alongside the allies in WW11 against Hitler • They were fighting for the freedom of Europe and the world • Yet they were not free • Now they wanted their own freedom

  7. DIFFERENT PATHS TO FREEDOM • Colonial powers could no longer afford the empire • People all over (US too) spoke out against colonialism • “The winds of change are blowing across Africa” • Some gave up willingly, some violently

  8. CHALLENGES OF INDEPENDENCE • New African leaders inexperienced in governing • Colonials left local people unprepared • New governments often unstable • Some countries – military government • Some countries – democracy like Botswana who were used to kgotla

  9. DEMOCRACY TAKES TIME • Most African countries are less than 40 years old • The US has been a democracy for 200 years • “Let Africa be given the time to develop its own democracy”

  10. ISSUES FOR AFRICAECONOMIC • Most Africans are farmers • Drought – creating migrant labor in Sahel’s dry season • Solution - Irrigation systems

  11. ISSUES FOR AFRICAECONOMIC • Colonial powers built little infrastructure like factories • Little industry in Africa • Main African exports: Cash crops – cocoa, coffee, bananas Minerals – oil, coal, copper, gold, diamonds, uranium

  12. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES • Specialized economies – dependent on one or two products • Sensitive to world rise and fall of price • African economies trying to diversify • Africa’s population growing – hard to feed • Hybrid plants – can double harvests

  13. ISSUES OF AFRICASOCIAL -education • How do Africans educate for the modern world and still keep traditions? • African children needed to help farm or sell produce • Education often a sacrifice for parents

  14. ISSUES OF AFRICASOCIAL - education • Schools overcrowded – shifts • Literacy varies • Mozambique – 10% before independence – now 33% • Tanzania – 15% before independence - now 90%

  15. ISSUES OF AFRICASOCIAL - health • Life expectancy varies greatly • Insects carry diseases in tropical climates • Progress on malaria, sleeping sickness, smallpox, river blindness, typhoid • Vaccination programs

  16. ISSUES OF AFRICATHE ENVIRONMENT • Desertification • Deforestation causes soil erosion • Reduction in arable land • Threats of starvation

  17. AFRICA STILL FACES MANY CHALLENGES • Scientific solutions: irrigation, hybrids, water holding plants • Africans are working hard to resolve their problems • Education is one key

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