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Chapter 16 Parasitism and Mutualism

Chapter 16 Parasitism and Mutualism. types, modes of transmission coevolutionary relationships population regulation. Coevolution and symbiosis . Evolution in response to interaction w/ another species Prey defenses response to hunting efficiency

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Chapter 16 Parasitism and Mutualism

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  1. Chapter 16 Parasitism and Mutualism types, modes of transmission coevolutionary relationships population regulation

  2. Coevolution and symbiosis • Evolution in response to interaction w/ another species • Prey defenses response to hunting efficiency • Closer between parasites and their hosts during symbiosis=relationship

  3. Parasites • 2 organisms together with one deriving nourishment at the expense of the other • Can result in disease

  4. Microparasites • Viruses, Bacteria, and Protozoa • Small in size • Short generation time • Multiply rapidly in the host • Produce immunity • Spread by direct transmission • Assoc. w/ dense population of host • Worms, lice, ticks, fleas, rusts, fungi

  5. Macroparasites • Worms, lice, ticks, fleas, rusts, fungi • Longer generation time • Rarely multiply directly on host • Persist w/ continual reinfection • Spread by both direct and indirect transmission

  6. Challenges to the relationship • Parasite and host • Specialty sites on the host • Gaining entrance and escape from the host • Transmission between hosts by other organisms- vectors • Or intermediate hosts- often feeding related Definitive host – intermediate - definitive

  7. Definitive host – intermediate - definitive

  8. Beneficial relationships

  9. Host response • Behavioral changes • Inflammatory • Activation of the immune system • Reduced host reproduction • 2nd factors • Mortality • Fecundity reduced Most often host and parasite develop mutual tolerance

  10. Mutual tolerance

  11. Regulation of host populations • After the initial introduction • Mortality can spread to eventual extinction or • Mutualism can develop after immune response • Dependent on reciprocal relationship

  12. Terms to consider • Obligatory – necessary to every exchange or life stage or means of surviving • Facultative – can be switched to alternative route or means given an advantage • Facilitative, increasing the fitness

  13. Symbiotic mutualisms • Involved in uptake of nutrients in both animals and plants • Chambers in ruminants stomach • Bacteria and protozoa/ fermentation • Nitrogen fixing bacteria • In plant root nodules • Fungi for mycorrhizal associations • In plant roots

  14. Nutrient transfer- mutualism

  15. Range of mutualistic relationships • Not all mutualistic are symbiotic • Pollination of flowering plants • Structures designed to avoid waste of pollen • Optimizes or imparts a benefit • Seed dispersal • Place seeds inside a delicious or attractive fruiting body • Survive the ride and still leave a deposit

  16. Geographic range/ interdependence

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