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Blood group

Blood group. The chief blood groups are: Classical ABO blood groups. Rhesus (Rh) blood groups. M and N blood groups. ABO System Discovered in 1901 by Dr. Karl Landsteiner. 4 Main Phenotypes (A, B, AB, O).

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Blood group

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  1. Blood group Dept of Physiology

  2. The chief blood groups are: Classical ABO blood groups. Rhesus (Rh) blood groups. M and N blood groups. Dept of Physiology

  3. ABO System Discovered in 1901 by Dr. Karl Landsteiner. 4 Main Phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) Dept of Physiology

  4. The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called Antigens/Agglutinogenand Antibodies/Agglutinin. The antigens are located on the surface of the RBCs and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Cold antibodies- Anti A, Anti B 5-20 ̊ C. Dept of Physiology

  5. All type of blood gp contain H antigen on cell surface. • A – Acetylgalactosamine • B – Galactose • AB – Both • O – only H antigen Dept of Physiology

  6. Acetylgalactosamine Galactose Dept of Physiology

  7. Agglutinogen/Antigens: 6th week of intrauterine life it appears. At birth – 1/5th the Adults. • Unique to the individual • Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual Agglutinin/ Antibody: Immediately after birth – Zero 2-8 months – begins to produce agglutinin Dept of Physiology

  8. Landsteiner’s Law: If an agglutinogen is present on the RBC of the blood , the corresponding agglutinin must be absent in the plasma. If an agglutinin is present in the plasma of the blood , the corresponding agglutinogen must be absent on the RBC. Dept of Physiology

  9. Secretors : 80 % Salivary gland, Pancreas, Lung, Liver, Testis. Non Secretors : 20 %. Dept of Physiology

  10. Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. Blood Types (genotype) Type A = AA or AO Type B = BB or BO Type O = OO Type AB = AB Dept of Physiology

  11. Blood type Antigen Antibody % of individuals A A Anti B 42 B B Anti A 9 AB A,B nil 3 O nil Anti A 46 Anti B Dept of Physiology

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  13. Blood typing: When serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins is added to blood, agglutination will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding agglutinogen. Dept of Physiology

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  17. Rh blood group: Landsteiner , Wiener in 1940. Discovery of Rh Factor from Rhesus monkey Antigen : D , Anti body : Anti D(Rhogam) No corresponding natural antibodies are present in the body. Genotype for Rh+ive :DD, Dd. Rh-ive : dd Dept of Physiology

  18. RBC of Rhesus monkey Rabbit Antibodies were produced Agglutinates with the RBC of Rhesus monkey. Serum of Rabbit + Human blood 85% agglutination 15% no agglutination (Rh +ive) (Rh –ive) Dept of Physiology

  19. Production of Antibodies: • Transfusion of Rh-ive individual with Rh+ive blood. • Entrance of a Rh+ive RBC from a Rh+ive foetus in to the maternal circulation of Rh-ive mother . (Anti-D belong to IgG & are capable of crossing the placenta) Dept of Physiology

  20. Applied aspects: • Transfusion reaction • Haemolytic disease of New born (HDN): Dept of Physiology

  21. Father = Rh+ive Mother = Rh-ive Child = Rh+ive Dept of Physiology

  22. HaemolyticAnaemia. • ErythroblastosisFoetalis . • Icterus/Jaundice • Kernicterus. (18mg/100ml) • HydropsFoetalis. Dept of Physiology

  23. Erythroblastosis Foetalis . 1st pregnancy Dept of Physiology

  24. Through the placenta /parturition Dept of Physiology

  25. 2nd pregnancy Dept of Physiology

  26. Icterus/Jaundice Dept of Physiology

  27. kernicterus. Dept of Physiology

  28. Hydrops foetalis Dept of Physiology

  29. Prevention: • Rh typing of the blood before marriage. • Anti D Antibodies (Rhogam)-28th & 34th week of gestation / within 48 hrs after delivery. • RH-ive female should not be given Rh+ive blood before Menopause. • Giving a gap of more than 2 years b/w the 1st & 2nd pregnancy. • Rh+ive child is given Rh –ive blood from mother. Dept of Physiology

  30. Cross matching : Major = Donor’s RBC + Recipient’s Plasma. Minor = Donor’s Plasma + Recipient’s RBC. Dept of Physiology

  31. MN blood type: Landsteiner and Levine – 1928. Genotype: MM,MN,NN Mainly used for Medico-Legal cases. Dept of Physiology

  32. Bombay blood type: Modified gene which when present in double doses in homozygous condition (hh) prevent the expression of blood gp antigens. They lack H , A , B Antigens, but have all the antibodies. Shows similar reactions as O blood gp but shows agglutination when transfused Can receive Only blood from a person having Bombay blood gp Dept of Physiology

  33. Hazards of mismatched blood transfusion: Minor: Increase bilirubin level..due to haemolysis Moderate: Post transfusion Jaundice. Dept of Physiology

  34. Severe: 5-100 ml severe pain in the chest ,back & other parts of the body. Haemolytic Anaemia Haemoglobinuria Renal failure. Increase nitrogenous substances CNS depression , coma , death Dept of Physiology

  35. Mechanical overloading -> Cardiac failure. Pyrogenic reaction. Electrolyte imbalance . Transmission of AIDS ,Hepatitis ,Malaria Allergic reaction. If more than 350 ml of incompatable blood is transfused => death of the patient Dept of Physiology

  36. Blood transfusion : • Blood loss. • Blood disorders. • Poisoning . • Acute infections where γ globulins are needed. • Pre or post operative state. • Shock. Dept of Physiology

  37. Blood transfusion: Whole blood = Accidents, During surgery. RBC = severe Anaemia. Eg: Haemolytic and Aplastic Anaemia. Platelet = severe thrombocytopenia . Eg: Leukaemia, Radiotherapy. WBC = severe Leucopenia. Eg: Patients on anti cancer drugs. Dept of Physiology

  38. Plasma: Burns ,when there is need for clotting factors. Isotonic Saline : restore blood volume. Volume expanders : when there is fluid loss Eg: Dehydration Albumin: liver disease. Clotting factor: Haemophilia. Dept of Physiology

  39. Uses of blood grouping: • Blood transfusion. • Disputed parentage. • Medicolegal cases. • Research purposes. • Organ transplant. • Anthropological & Ethnological studies. Dept of Physiology

  40. Parents Possible blood gp of children • AB and AB A or B or AB • B and AB A or B or AB • B and B O or B • A and AB A or B or AB • A and B O or A or B or AB • A and A O or A • O and AB A or B • O and B O or B • O and A O or A • O and O O Dept of Physiology

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