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Understanding Map Scale: Issues and Color Representation in Cartography

Map scale is crucial in cartography, representing the relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on the ground. Scale types include verbal scales (e.g., "1 cm represents 100 km"), bar scales, and representative fractions (e.g., RF of 1:24,000). Understanding scale issues—like unit-to-unit orientation—is vital, as data from different scales can vary widely, impacting analysis. Additionally, color usage in map design affects data representation. Addressing color blindness in visualization and employing effective color schemes is essential for accurate communication in cartographic data.

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Understanding Map Scale: Issues and Color Representation in Cartography

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  1. Issues of ScaleUsing Color

  2. Scale Issues

  3. What is map scale? The scale of a map is the relationship between a unit of length on the map and a unit of length on the ground.

  4. Map Scales Verbal scale “One cm represents 100 km” Bar scales (graphical) Representative fraction (RF) 1:24,000

  5. Representative Fraction A 0.025 inch line on a1:24,000scale map represents50ft (600 in) on the ground A 0.025 inch line on a1:200,000scale map represents almost417ft on the ground

  6. Scale Issues Beware of scale statements 1:200 (“one to two hundred”) does this mean unit-to-unit (one inch on the map equals 200 inches on the ground) or not unit-to-unit (one inch on the map equals 200 feet on the ground) For this course, all scale statements will be assumed unit-to-unit

  7. Scale Issues large scale vs. small scaleTo a geographer:1:2,000,000 is small scale1:200 is large scale

  8. Importance of Scale Scale of data plays an important role, and frequently causes problems All spatial phenomena have scale dependent behavior/properties Be aware of: Data source scale Mixing data from different source scales Appropriateness of output scale

  9. Scale Issues Data from different sources and scales can vary widely 1:100,000 scale data from USGS DLG

  10. Scale Issues 1:1,000,000 scale data from DCW (DMA)

  11. Scale Issues 1:2,000,000 scale data from USGS DLG

  12. Using Color

  13. Displaying data: colors What can color do? Label Measure Represent or imitate reality Beautify From Tufte 1990 Wabern, 1983

  14. Displaying data: colors Primary home heating fuel. U.S. Department of Commerce From Tufte 1990

  15. Displaying data: colors Primary home heating fuel. U.S. Department of Commerce From Tufte 1990

  16. Displaying data: colors From Tufte 1997

  17. Displaying data: colors From Tufte 1997

  18. Displaying data: colors From Tufte 1997

  19. Color Blindness

  20. Color Blindness

  21. Color Blindness http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  22. Color Blindness http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  23. Color Blindness http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  24. Color Blindness http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  25. Color Blindness http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  26. Color Models RGB

  27. Color Models CMYK

  28. Redundant Coding

  29. Redundant Coding http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  30. Redundant Coding http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/

  31. Color Schemes

  32. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  33. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  34. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  35. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  36. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  37. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  38. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  39. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  40. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  41. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  42. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  43. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  44. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  45. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  46. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  47. Color Schemes Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/ColorSch/Schemes.html

  48. Dr. Cynthia Brewer / Department of Geography / The Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/cab38/ColorBrewer/ColorBrewer.html

  49. Specifying Colors in ArcMap

  50. Homework Read: “Creating Feature Datasets & Vector Editing” & “Creating and Modifying Tables” Start working on assignment #4 -- Due April 26.

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