Lord Liverpool and the Liberal Tories

1. Lord Liverpool and the Liberal Tories

2. The Dawn of Change? • From 1822 the nature of Liverpool’s government changed. The decline of the radical movement as the economy improved allowed the government to make some reforms. Although Liverpool was to remain as Prime Minister until 1827, his government was made up of younger men, more open to new ideas. However, historians have discussed whether 1822 really marked a turning point in British politics or whether repression was being eased before 1822. • You can also be asked to assess ‘how liberal were the liberal Tories’?

3. Changes in the Cabinet • 1822 - Began after Castlereagh’s suicide (who cut his throat with a pen knife in a fit of depression about his own unpopularity) - replaced by Canning - realized that there was a need for some limited reform. • Supported by Liverpool and new members of the Cabinet. • William Huskisson -President as Board of Trade • Frederick ‘Prosperity’ Robinson - Chancellor of the Exchequer • Robert Peel - Home Secretary. Collectively this group became known as the ‘Liberal Tories’

4. Contribution of Canning • As Foreign Secretary Canning was able to assist economic recovery by achieving access to the profitable markets of South America (previously only accessible by the old colonial power Spain) • Canning made Britain one of the first to recognise the independent states of Buenos Aires, Colombia and Mexico and thereby gained a trading advantage with them. • Economic prosperity resulted in a decline in radicalism at home

5. Liberal Tory Reforms • Free Trade - Huskisson believed in free trade. In this Huskisson and Robinson were influenced by merchants and industrialists (the new middle class) who thought tariffs, duties and taxes on goods encouraged other countries to raise tariffs. Free traders believe that goods should be traded between countries without any duties or taxes being charged and that free trade would lead to more trade and therefore greater prosperity for everyone Examples • 1822 Relaxed Navigation Acts – these had prevented foreign ships from transporting goods between the British Empire and Britain – other countries had retaliated with their own similar measures hurting British trade • 1823 Reciprocity of Duties Act – which stated that if a foreign country reduced any duty or tax on British goods entering their country Britain would do likewise i.e. Britain would reciprocate • 1824 Duties rum, silk, wool, cotton, linen reduced • 1825 More Duties reduced - Duties on all other goods fell from 50% to 20% • The result was British trade improved, the economy prospered and the cost of living fell.

6. Peel at the Home Office • A combination of pressure from humanitarians such as Elizabeth Fry and John Howard and a need for a more efficient system led Peel to make reforms. Peel’s achievement was to make English law more humane and more efficient • 1824-6 – Reform of the Penal Code. Death penalty abolished for the majority of crimes (previously you could be executed for a range of bizarre crimes, such as impersonating a Chelsea Pensioner, pick pocketing or damaging Westminster Bridge!). 100+ capital offences removed. These reforms resulted in a more humane system and a system where criminals were more certain of being punished for crimes appropriately • 1823 Jails (Gaols) Act - Gaolers to be paid by government and not the prisoners - separate gaols for men and women - some education for prisoners - prisons to be inspected. Before this Act prisons were unregulated, filthy and inhumane places.

7. The Metropolitan Police • As an essential counterpart to removing so many death penalties Peel founded the Metropolitan Police in 1829 – the first proper police force in the UK. • Before this law enforcement was in the hands of local watchmen, yeomanry and magistrates – with industrialisation and massive population increase this was no longer working • Peel set up the Met with a Commissioner at Scotland Yard in charge of 3,000 officers for London. The police were to be unarmed so as not to be accused of brutality. (This was a great improvement on Sidmouth’s spy system and a far more efficient way of keeping law and order) • The Met quickly acquired the nickname of ‘Peelers’ and later ‘Bobbies’ (after Robert Peel), the latter sticking to this day. • Crime dropped significantly in London causing by the 1830’s many other regions to set up their own police authorities based on the Met model

8. Trade Unions • Trade Unions had been illegal since the Combination Acts of 1799. • In the period 1815-22 the government might have seemed to be justified in this law. But the change of tone in government together with the improving economy led to a feeling that the Combination Acts were actually harming the economy. The Radical Francis Place was invited to organize a Parliamentary Committee which recommended scrapping the Laws in 1824. • The result was a wave of strikes so an Amending Law restricting unions freedom to picket during strikes was passed 1825 but Trade Unions were now legal – a very important step for the working class

9. The Tories after Liverpool • Liverpool suffered a stroke and resigned 1827 • Canning became PM but soon died • Goderich took over but resigned 1828 -Wellington took over as PM • But the ministry was not successful - the party split into: • Progressives or liberal Tories led by Huskisson and the Ultra Tories - who wanted no reform at all • During this time there were three important pieces of legislation • 1828 Modification of Corn Laws – which slightly reduced the duty on imported corn • 1828 Repeal of Test and Corporations Act – which reformed the necessity to be Anglican in order to hold public office (be a member of the government) – this allowed protestants that were not C of E to be M.Ps and members of the government • 1829 The Catholic Relief Act (aka Catholic Emancipation) which allowed Catholics to become MPs, hold public office

10. Catholic Emancipation • Daniel O’Connel backed by the Catholic Association, won an election in County Clare. As a Catholic he was not allowed to take his seat. If the situation were to be repeated across Ireland there would be chaos • Wellington realised that the time had come for Catholic Emancipation. • Reluctantly aided by Peel, he managed to get the Bill through Parliament. • In doing so he split the Tory party even more. • The Ultras left the ministry, and a weakened Tory Party did badly in the 1830 election, having to let the Whigs take power.

11. Possible Exam Questions • ‘1822 was a turning point in British politics’. Discuss • How liberal were the ‘Liberal Tories’?