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Factors That Led to the Outbreak of World War I: Nationalism, Alliances, and Rivalries

The Great War's origins are deeply rooted in nationalism, alliances, and intense rivalries among European powers. Nationalistic fervor drove nations to pursue self-determination, leading to the unification of Italy and Germany, and fueling ethnic tensions in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The competition for colonies and markets heightened tensions, while the Central Powers and Allies formed complex alliances. Post-war mandates and territorial shifts outlined in Wilson’s Fourteen Points further complicated international relations, shaping a new world order fraught with unresolved conflicts.

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Factors That Led to the Outbreak of World War I: Nationalism, Alliances, and Rivalries

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  1. What Caused the Great War?

  2. Nationalism, Rivalries, Alliances Self-determination – same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals form sovereign states • Belgium (1830), Italy (1861), Germany 1871 • Eastern Europe and Balkans seek self-determination • Slavs – Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes • Russia = pan-Slavism = weaken Austria-Hungary • Germany backing Austria-Hungary

  3. Nationalistic Competition • Colonies, foreign markets, British industrialization, military (navy, new tech.) • Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans, Bulgaria • The Allies –Britain, France, Russia

  4. Allies Additions • Japan gains Jiaozhou, Qindao, Mariana Islands, Palau, Carolines • New Zealand and Australia take portions of Somoa, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea • Mustafa Kemal forces Greek, British, French, and Italian forces out – Republic of Turkey • Mandate System • Article 22 – people unsuitable to handle conditions of modern world need tutelage • French – Syria, Lebanon • British – Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan • German colonies in Africa

  5. Central Powers Undermined • Austria, Hungary, Ottoman reduced in size • Germany forced to be weak (military reduction, debt, non-consolidation with Austria) • Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Poland – extremely large minority populations • Wilson’s Fourteen Points denied because it compromised secret wartime agreements to distribute defeated nations lands • Wilson’s call for self-rule, Russia’s example to gain independence

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