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Understanding Depressants: Categories, Effects, and Risks

Depressants, including tranquilizers, sedatives, and hypnotics, relax the central nervous system and interfere with nerve impulse transmission. They slow down brain and heart activity, reducing breathing rates and emotional responses. Common depressants like alcohol, Valium, and barbiturates can lead to mild intoxication, anxiety relief, and sleep but pose serious risks at high doses, such as coma or death. Understanding the implications of these substances, including their effects on the body and interactions with other drugs, is crucial for safe usage.

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Understanding Depressants: Categories, Effects, and Risks

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  1. DEPRESSANTS

  2. Tranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics. • Relax the CNS. • Interferewithnerveimpulse transmission. • Slowdownactivity of brain, heart. • Reduce breathingrate and emotional response. • At high doses – Sleep • Extremelyhigh doses - Death Depressants

  3. Alcohol, valium (diazepam), librium. • Reduce nervoustension, anxiety. Tranquilizers

  4. eg. Barbituarates (a class of drugsthat are depressants) • Soothing of distress. • Withoutsleep. • Tranquilizers are milderthansedatives. Sedatives

  5. Produce sleep. • Chloralhydrate. • Phenobarbitol. Hypnotics

  6. Normal • Relief of anxiety • Disinhibition • Sedation • Hypnosis (sleep) • General anaesthetic • Coma • DEATH Increasingthedose of depressants

  7. Fat soluble • Penetratescell, tissuesmembranes • Easily absorbed • Mildintoxication (euphoria) • Sillybehaviour • Neurologicalproblems (slurredspeach, staggering) • Aggressivebehaviour • Coma • Death • Alcoholism Ethanol

  8. Antiseptic • Mouthwash Alcohol-Other uses

  9. Social Physiological • Pleasetake notes using page 416. • Short term • Long term • Synergistic (whencombinationis more harmfulthaneitherdrug) • Pleasetake notes frompages 416, 417. Effects of alcohol

  10. Mass in grams of alcohol per 100 cubiccentimetres of blood. • Sometimeslisted as a percentage. • Alcohol in blood in equilibriumwith alcohol vapour in lungs • Thereforea breathalyser test can be used Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

  11. A redoxreaction • Potassiumdichromateisoxidisingagent. • Oxidises alcohol toethanoicacid. • Orange Cr(VI) togreen Cr (III). • Transfer of electrons produces emf. Breathalyser Test

  12. Componentsmovethroughcolumn at differentspeeds. • Detected and analysed. • See page 418 for notes. Gas LiquidChromatography

  13. IR energyvibratesmolecules • Eachmoleculeabsorbsdifferentrange of radiation. • Eg OH bond is at characteristicwavelength. • See page 418 for notes. Infra-Red Spectroscopy

  14. Worldsmostprescribeddrug • Sedative • Relieves anxiety, tension • Inhibitsnervetransmissionbyinteractingwithinhibitors Valium

  15. Common sleeping pill • Alsousedto control seizures and infantilespasms • Phenylgroup, fusedbenzene ring, with a 7 memberedheterocyclic ring, secondary amine • Compare tovalium Nitrazepam (mogadon)

  16. Anti-depressant • Increasesactivity of seratonin (a neurotransmitter) • Contains amine group Prozac

  17. 7, 8 and 9 on page 435. Questions

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