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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Dynamics

The cardiovascular system is a closed system comprising the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body. The heart, located centrally between the lungs, is roughly the size of a fist and operates as a dual pump with four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. It features valves that ensure unidirectional blood flow. The cardiac cycle involves simultaneous atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction, impacting cardiac output, which is the volume of blood pumped per minute. Proper function is vital for overall health.

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Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Dynamics

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  1. The Cardiovascular System

  2. The Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • The function of the cardiovascular _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  3. The Heart • Location • _________ between the _____ • Pointed ____ directed toward ___________ • About the size of your fist

  4. The Heart Figure 11.1

  5. The Heart: Coverings • ______________ – a double serous membrane • _______________________ • Next to heart • _______________________ • Outside layer • ______ ________fills the space between the layers of pericardium

  6. The Heart: Heart Wall • Three layers • _____________ • Outside layer • This layer is the parietal pericardium • ________________________ • _____________ • Middle layer • Mostly ___________________ • _____________ • Inner layer • ______________

  7. External Heart Anatomy Figure 11.2a

  8. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers • _________ • __________ chambers • Right atrium • Left atrium • _______________ • ___________ chambers • Right ventricle • Left ventricle Figure 11.2c

  9. Blood Circulation Figure 11.3

  10. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Four valves • __________________ valves – between atria and ventricles • _________________(left) • __________________(right) • ____________________between ventricle and artery • _______________semilunar valve • _________semilunar valve

  11. The Heart: Valves • Valves open as blood is pumped through • Held in place by _________ ___________ (“heart strings”) • Close to prevent ___________

  12. Operation of Heart Valves Figure 11.4

  13. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • ________ • Leaves left ventricle • ____________________ • Leave right ventricle • ___________ • Enters right atrium • ___________________(four) • Enter left atrium

  14. Coronary Circulation • Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium • The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system • Coronary arteries • Cardiac veins • Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

  15. Heart Contractions • Contraction is initiated by the ____________ ______ • Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells

  16. Heart Contractions Figure 11.5

  17. Filling of Heart Chambers – the Cardiac Cycle Figure 11.6

  18. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle • Atria contract simultaneously • Atria relax, then ventricles contract • _________ = contraction • _________ = relaxation

  19. The Heart: Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (CO) • Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute • CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV]) • Stroke volume • Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

  20. Cardiac Output Regulation Figure 11.7

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