Respiratory System

1. DJ Dorum 5/16/2013 Respiratory System

2. Functions • Supply body with Oxygen • Removing excess Carbon Dioxide • Filter incoming air • Regulate temp of air & water content of air • Produce sounds • Smell • Blood pH

3. Structures Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract • Nose • Nasal Cavity • Paranasal sinuses • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchial Tree • Lungs

4. Nose & Nasal Cavity Nasal Cavity • Bones and cartilage support internally • Two nostrils • Hairs for guarding • Hollow space behind nose • Septum separates nostrils • Nasal conchae on each side • Many mucous cells • Heats incoming air • Mucus traps large particles • Cilia push particle towards pharynx Nose

5. Paranasal Sinuses • Air-filled gaps • Reduce weight • Affect voice • Located: • Maxillary • Frontal • Ethmoid • Sphenoid

6. Pharynx • Aka: Throat • Passage way for food and air • 3 parts: • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

7. Larynx • Moves air in & out of trachea • Prevents foreign intrusion of trachea • Houses vocal cords • Made of cartilage & muscles • 3 portions of cartilage: • Thyroid • Cricoid • Epiglottic • 2 folds: • Upper: False vocal • Lower: True vocal • Glottis opens during breathing • Epiglottis covers glottis during swallowing

8. Trachea • A.k.a. windpipe • Anterior to esophagus • Splits into bronchi • About 20 C-shaped cartilage pieces in wall • Posterior made of smooth muscle • Used to prevent collapse • Cilia line inner wall • Helps with filtering

9. Bronchial tree • Airways within lungs • Begin with primary bronchi • Branch into smaller bronchioles • Into terminal bronchioles • Respiratory bronchioles after • Alveolar ducts are smallest tubes • Ducts lead to Alveolar sacs • Sacs divided into Alveoli • Diffusion takes place here

10. Lungs • Soft and spongy • Within Thoracic cavity • Serous membrane Viscera Pleura, turns into Parietal Pleura • Space between them is pleural cavity http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/13%20Human%20Other/01%20Respiratory%20System.jpg

11. Mechanics Inspiration Expiration • Ventilation= breathing. Moving air in and out • Diaphragm contracts, pressure in cavity drops • Diaphragm relaxes, pressure in cavity rises • Attraction of water in lungs can cause collapse • Substance surfactant synthesized to prevent collapse • Forces come from elastic recoil of cavity • Pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid help both

12. Lung Capacity • Respiratory cycle = one inspiration plus following expiration • Tidal volume: amount of air moving during normal inspiration/ expiration. • Inspiratory reserve volume: Large breath in • Expiratory reserve volume: Large breath out • Residual volume: Amount of air after forced expiration • Avg volumes: • Tidal: 500 ml • I.R: 3,000 ml • E.R:1,100 ml of expelled air • Residual: 1,200 ml

13. Respiratory Center • Medulla Oblongata and Pons • Two special areas: • Rhythmicity in Medulla • Pneumotaxic in Pons http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/resp_center.jpg

14. MedullaryRhythmicity Area • Two neuron groups • dorsal respiratory group • ventral respiratory group • Dorsal controls inspiration • Impulses tell diaphragm to contract • Ventral used only during forceful breathing

15. Pneumotaxic area • Continuosly emits bursts originating from dorsal group • Controls breathing rate • Strongpneumotaxic inhibition= faster breathing rate • Weakpneumotaxic inhibition= slower rate

16. Insane in the Membrane! • Walls of alveoli and capillaries are simple squamos • Wall of capillaries and alveoli create respiratory membrane http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/KEYRESPIRATORYOBJECTIVES_files/image017.jpg

17. Diffusion of gases • Gases diffuse into blood • Concentration proportional to partial pressure • Amount of pressure contributed by proportion • If capillary pressure is higher than alveolar, CO2 diffuses into lungs • If capillary pressure is lower than alveolar, O2 diffuses into bloodstream http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/imagesAP2/respiration/alvexch.jpg

18. Transport Oxygen Transport • Gases dissolve into plasma or blood compounds • Most O2 transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells • Product of combination is oxyhemoglobin • Unstable compound • Quick to release into surrounding O2 deprived cells • More O2 released if: • CO2 concentration rises • pH rises • Temp increases • O2 deficiency called hypoxia • Hypoxia possible causes: • Decreased arterial Po2 • Lack of ability of blood to transport O2 • Inadequate blood flow • Cyanide poisoning

19. Transport Cont’d • Carbon Dioxide transported 3 forms: • Dissolved in Plasma (least amount transported) • Part of hemoglobin compound (mid amount) • Bicarbonate ion (highest amount) • Amount in plasma determined by partial pressure • CO2 binds to “globin” part of molecule • Does not compete with O2 for binding sites • Bonds form carbaminohemoglobin • CO2 reacts with water: CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 • Occurs slowly in plasma • Diffuses into red blood cells • Cells have enzyme carbonic anhydrase

20. X-factors of breathing • Inflation relfexregulates depth of breath • Prevents over inflation of lung • Chemosensitive areas sense CO2 and pH changes in spinal fluid • Rise in chemicals increases tidal volume and faster breathing rate • Drop in chemicals triggers opposite response • Carotid & Aortic bodies detect O2 levels • Found in Carotid arteries and Aorta • Low O2 levels trigger increased breathing rate • Hyperventilation increases capacity • Smoking • Physical fitness

21. Works Cited • "Body Systems: Respiratory System - The Human Heart: An Online Exploration from The Franklin Institute, made possible by Unisys." The Franklin Institute - Home - 215.448.1200 . N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html>. • "Hiccups - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiccups/DS00975>. • "Inspiration and Expiration." STCC Faculty Webpages. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2013. <http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units21to23/respiration/inspirat.htm>. • "Lung Disease - American Lung Association." Homepage - American Lung Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/?gclid=CNai74LP-bYCFWQ6Qgodvw0AYA>. • Shier, David. "Respiratory System." Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 1983. Reprint. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006. 428-452. Print.