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OLD ENGLISH / ANGLO-SAXON ( ENGLISC )

OLD ENGLISH / ANGLO-SAXON ( ENGLISC ). Anglo-Saxon Koine (before 1000)

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OLD ENGLISH / ANGLO-SAXON ( ENGLISC )

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  1. OLD ENGLISH / ANGLO-SAXON (ENGLISC)

  2. Anglo-Saxon Koine (before 1000) Fæder ureþu þe eart on heofonum,Si þin nama gehalgod. Tobecume þin rice.Gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum.Urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg.And forgyf us urne gyltas, swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum.And ne gelæd þu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. Soþlice. Modern Literal Translation Father ourYou who are in HeavenBe your name hallowed,Come your kingdom.Become your will on earth as on Heaven.Our daily loaf give us today.And forgive us our guilts as we forgive the fellow guilty.And do not lead you us into temptationBut release us of evil. Truly. The Lord’s Prayer

  3. English is a Germanic language of the Indo-European language family. • It is the second most spoken language in the world. • It is estimated that there are 300 million native speakers and 300 million who use English as a second language and a further 100 million use it as a foreign language. • It is the language of science, aviation, computing, diplomacy, and tourism. • It is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken extensively in other countries where it has no official status. English plays a part in the cultural, political or economic life of the following countries.

  4. Antigua Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Botswana Brunei (with Malay) Cameroon (with French) Canada (with French) Dominica Fiji Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India (with several Indian languages) Ireland (with Irish Gaelic) Jamaica Kenya (with Swahili) Kiribati Lesotho (with Sotho) Liberia Malawi (with Chewa) Malta (with Maltese) Mauritius Namibia (with Afrikaans) Nauru (with Nauruan) New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan (with Urdu) Papua New Guinea Philippines (with Tagalog) Puerto Rico (with Spanish) St Christopher and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent Senegal (with French) Seychelles (with French) Sierra Leone Majority English speaking populations are shown in bold Singapore (with Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) • South Africa (with Afrikaans, Xhosa and Zulu) • Surinam (with Dutch) • Swaziland (with Swazi) • Tanzania (with Swahili) • Tonga (with Tongan) • Trinidad and Tobago • Tuvalu • Uganda • United Kingdom and its dependences • United States of America and its dependencies • Vanatu (with French) • Western Samoa (with Samoan) • Zambia • Zimbabwe

  5. This compares to 27 for French, 20 for Spanish and 17 for Arabic. • This domination is unique in history. • Speakers of languages like French, Spanish and Arabic may disagree, but English is on its way to becoming the world's unofficial international language. • Mandarin (Chinese) is spoken by more people, but English is now the most widespread of the world's languages. • Half of all business deals are conducted in English. Two thirds of all scientific papers are written in English. Over 70% of all post / mail is written and addressed in English. Most international tourism, aviation and diplomacy is conducted in English.

  6. The history of the language can be traced back to the arrival of three Germanic tribes to the British Isles during the 5th Century AD. • The Angles, Saxons and Jutes crossed the North Sea from what is the present day Denmark and northern Germany. • The inhabitants of Britain previously spoke a Celtic language. This was quickly displaced. Most of the Celtic speakers were pushed into Wales, Cornwall and Scotland. One group migrated to the Brittany Coast of France where their descendants still speak the Celtic Language of Breton today. • The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Their language was called Englisc from which the word, English derives. • An Anglo-Saxon inscription dated between 450 and 480AD is the oldest sample of the English language. • During the next few centuries four dialects of English developed: • Northumbrian in Northumbria, north of the Humber • Mercian in the Kingdom of Mercia • West Saxon in the Kingdom of Wessex • Kentish in Kent

  7. During the 7th and 8th Centuries, Northumbria's culture and language dominated Britain. • The Viking invasions of the 9th Century brought this domination to an end (along with the destruction of Mercia). • Only Wessex remained as an independent kingdom. • By the 10th Century, the West Saxon dialect became the official language of Britain.

  8. At this time, the vocabulary of Old English consisted of an Anglo Saxon base with borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages (Danish and Norse) and Latin. • Latin gave English words like street, kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel, bishop, martyr, candle. • The Vikings added many Norse words: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them. • Celtic words also survived mainly in place and river names (Devon, Dover, Kent, Trent, Severn, Avon, Thames).

  9. Written Old English • Written Old English is mainly known from this period. • It was written in an alphabet called Runic, derived from the Scandinavian languages. • The Latin Alphabet was brought over from Ireland by Christian missionaries. This has remained the writing system of English.

  10. Runic script /alphabet The runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes to write various Germanic languages prior to the adoption of the Latin alphabet. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH 11

  11. The first Runic inscriptions that have survived to the modern day are dated from around 200 CE. The alphabet consists of 24 letters, 18 consonants and 6 vowels, as illustrated in the chart: LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH 12

  12. Many pairs of English and Norse words coexisted giving us two words with the same or slightly differing meanings. Examples below:

  13. In 1066 the Normans conquered Britain. French became the language of the Norman aristocracy and added more vocabulary to English. More pairs of similar words arose:

  14. Because the English underclass cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words for the meats derived from them are French (beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison). • The Germanic form of plurals (house, housen; shoe, shoen) was eventually displaced by the French method of making plurals: adding an s (house, houses; shoe, shoes). Only a few words have retained their Germanic plurals: men, oxen, feet, teeth, children. • French also affected spelling so that the cw sound came to be written as qu (eg. cween became queen).

  15. It wasn't till the 14th Century that English became dominant in Britain again. • In 1399, King Henry IV became the first king of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English. • By the end of the 14th Century, the dialect of London had emerged as the standard dialect of what we now call Middle English. Chaucer wrote in this language. • Modern English began around the 16th Century and, like all languages, is still changing. One change occurred when the th of some verb forms became s (loveth, loves: hath, has). auxiliary verbs also changed (he is risen, he has risen).

  16. The historical influence of language in the British Isles can best be seen in place names and their derivations. • Examples include ac (as in Acton, Oakwood) which is Anglo-Saxon for oak; by (as in Whitby) is Old Norse for farm or village; pwll (as in Liverpool) is Welsh for anchorage; baile (as in Balmoral) is Gaelic for farm or village; ceaster (as in Lancaster) is Latin for fort.

  17. Since the 16th Century, because of the contact that the British had with many peoples from around the world, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, many words have entered the language either directly or indirectly. New words were created at an increasing rate. Shakespeare coined over 1600 words. This process has grown exponentially in the modern era. • Borrowed words include names of animals (giraffe, tiger, zebra), clothing (pyjama, turban, shawl), food (spinach, chocolate, orange), scientific and mathematical terms (algebra, geography, species), drinks (tea, coffee, cider), religious terms (Jesus, Islam, nirvana), sports (checkmate, golf, billiards), vehicles (chariot, car, coach), music and art (piano, theatre, easel), weapons (pistol, trigger, rifle), political and military terms (commando, admiral, parliament), and astronomical names (Saturn, Leo, Uranus).

  18. Languages that have contributed words to English include Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, Hindi (from India), Italian, Malay, Dutch, Farsi (from Iran and Afghanistan), Nahuatl (the Aztec language), Sanskrit (from ancient India), Portuguese, Spanish, Tupi (from South America) and Ewe (from Africa). • The list of borrowed words is enormous. • The vocabulary of English is the largest of any language. • Even with all these borrowings the heart of the language remains the Anglo-Saxon of Old English. • Only about 5000 or so words from this period have remained unchanged but they include the basic building blocks of the language: household words, parts of the body, common animals, natural elements, most pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs.

  19. English - A Historical Summary

  20. INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

  21. From previous chart: • Languages in the same box as English (the Germanic Languages) are sister languages to English and are its closest relatives. • Languages in other boxes are "cousin" languages - still related but not as closely. • The further the box, the more distant the relationship. • The Indo-European family is one of many language families. • Languages belonging to other families are not related to English. Examples of unrelated languages include Arabic, Basque, Hungarian, Mandarin, Malay, Quechua, Tamil, Turkish and Zulu.

  22. The Germanic Language Family The Germanic language family has three branches, of which two are of great importance in the history of English. West Germanic is the family to which English actually belongs. Other members include German, Dutch and Frisian - as well as derivatives such as Afrikaans and Flemish. North Germanic is the family of Scandinavian languages: Danish, Norse and Swedish, as well as derivatives like Icelandic and Faroese.

  23. The Germanic Language Family • In particular, Old Norse, the language of the Vikings left its mark on the development of Old English , and can still be traced in the northern dialects of British English. • All East Germanic languages are now extinct. The best-known was Gothic, the language of some of the tribes of raiders from central Europe that contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire: the Ostrogoths, who under Theodoric the Great (454 - 526) ruled Italy as well as large parts of the eastern Adriatic; and the Visigoths who, rather earlier, sacked Rome in 410 CE. Some fragments of a form of Gothic spoken in the Crimea were recorded as late as the 16th century. Other early forms of Germanic are also associated with the invaders of the Roman Empire, such as the Burgundians and Vandals. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  24. Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon is a term with several, related, meanings. Anglo-Saxon is often used to mean Old English - the form(s) of English spoken from the beginnings in the 4th century until after the Norman Conquest of 1066. In this loose usage, it refers to any of the dialects spoken by the newcomers to Britain who belonged to the tribes of the Angles, Saxons or Jutes. It is also used to refer to peoples of British origin who claim the same culture and many links: Britain, the USA, Australia and New Zealand can all claim to be 'Anglo-Saxon countries'.

  25. What was Old English like? • We often hear people delivering opinions about different languages: French is "romantic," Italian "musical." For the student of language, such impressionistic judgments are not very useful. Rather, to describe a language we need to explain how it goes about doing the work that all languages must do; and it is helpful to compare it with other languages--especially members of the language groups it belongs to. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  26. Comparing languages • Languages may be compared in a number of ways. • Every language has its own repertory of sounds, as known by all students who have had to struggle to learn to pronounce a foreign language. • Every language also has its own rules for accentuating words and its own patterns of intonation--the rising and falling pitch of our voices as we speak. • Every language has its own vocabulary, of course, though when we're lucky we find a good bit of overlap between the vocabulary of our native language and that of the language we're learning. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  27. Comparing languages • And every language has its own way of signaling how words function in utterances--of expressing who performed an action, what the action was, when it took place, whether it is now finished or still going on, what or who was acted upon, for whose benefit the action was performed, and so on. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  28. The following sections attempt to hit the high points, showing what makes Old English an Indo-European language, a Germanic language, a West Germanic and a Low German language; and also how Old and Modern English are related. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  29. Old English • Old English is the first phase in the history of the English language. It is also called Anglo-Saxon, but this term is ambiguous to some specialists in the history of languages. • The first phase of Old English was created as a result of the tribal movements across the North Sea from the western edge of Europe, the areas that are now the countries of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. • The Angles, Saxons and Jutes first arrived in Roman Britain as traders and as mercenaries.

  30. Old English • In the two centuries following the Roman departure c.410 CE, the southern part of Britain became dominated by the newcomers. • They spoke a west Germanic language that is now called Old English, or, less accurately, Anglo-Saxon. • One particular tribe, the Angles, gave their name to the language - and to the country of England, the 'land of the Angles'. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  31. Old English • Old English developed through the rest of the millennium and beyond, and in that time there were many changes. • During the 7th and 8th centuries, there was a fluid political division of the country, such that it is sometimes (not wholly accurately) called the Heptarchy (~ 'Seven Kingdoms'). • This is linked to the many varieties in dialect. In seven hundred years or so of Old English, there were also of course enormous developments. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  32. Old English • The most important of these, for a quick general overview of the history of the English language, was the strong influence on its development in the north and east parts of England from a North Germanic language spoken, in various varieties, by the Vikings who raided - and traded with - the British Isles in the 9th and 10th centuries and beyond. • This was Old Norse. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  33. Old English • The people who came were natives of Scandinavia and Jutland: they were usually called 'Danes' or 'North[or Norse]men': OED says that "older usage [of the word Dane] included all the Northmen who invaded England from the 9th to the 11th c." • Some of the relatives of these 'men from the North' raided and settled in the part of modern France which is called Normandy after them. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  34. Old English • When Duke William of Normandy defeated the English king Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the rulers of the country became predominantly French-speaking. • This, more than anything else, signaled the end of Old English and the start of the Middle English phase of our language. • Before the arrival of the Germanic invaders, the country now called 'England' was a Roman province, called Roman Britain. • It was inhabited, apart from the governing elite, by Celtic people who spoke an early form of the Celtic language that became modern Welsh. It was then usually called 'British'. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  35. The Indo-European languages • The Indo-European languages do certain things in much the same way. For example, they share some basic vocabulary. Consider these words for 'father': LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  36. The Indo-European languages • You can easily see the resemblance among the Latin, Greek and Sanskrit words. • You may begin to understand why the Old English word looks different from the others when you compare these words for 'foot': LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  37. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  38. Old English • Old English, also known as Englisc or Anglo-Saxon, is an early version of the English spoken today in Britain. • Speakers of Old English called their language Englisc, themselves Angle, Angelcynn or Angelfolc and their home Angelcynn or Englaland. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  39. Old English • In use for approximately 700 years, starting in the mid-fifth century, Old English varies widely from the language we know today. • Old English was the West Germanic language spoken in the area now known as England between the 5th and 11th centuries. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  40. Old English • Throughout the centuries, it experienced influence from Germanic dialects and Celtic languages. • Later on, Latin also became a powerful influence, particularly around the time when a new alphabet was adopted. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  41. Old English • Old English / Anglo-Saxon was sometimes written with a version of the Runic alphabet, brought to Britain by the Anglo-Saxons until about the 11th century. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  42. Old English • Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century. • Most texts were written in West Saxon, one of the four main dialects. The other dialects were Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  43. Features of Old English • Old English (OE) was spoken from 449 to 1100 AD. • Characteristic features of Old English are that the vocabulary is almost purely Germanic. • OE is a period of full inflections: in form of endings to the noun and pronoun, the adjective and the verb. • Since the grammar of such languages depends on the synthesis of words and endings, we call them synthetic languages. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  44. Features of Old English • NounsIt is impossible here to present the inflections of the Old English noun in detail. • Their nature may be gathered from two examples of the strong declension and one of the weak: (stone), a masculine a-stem; (gift), a feminine o-stem; and (hunter), a masculine consonant-stem. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  45. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  46. Features of Old English • VerbsThere are certain differences between OE verbs and Modern English (ModE) verbs. • Verbs are divided into two classes: regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs all follow the same inflection pattern, while there are irregularities among the second group. • The latter consists of strong, weak, and anomalous verbs. • Strong verbs are called so because a change of tense is there indicated within the word itself, by a modification of the verb's root vowel, such as in sing, sang, sung. • In weak verbs, like walk, walked, walked, this change is dependent on being indicated by an additional syllable. LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  47. Features of Old English • OE strong verbs can still be strong verbs in ModE: LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

  48. Features of Old English • OE strong verbs may be regularized in ModE: LECTURE 4 - OLD ENGLISH

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