The Expanding Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements and 1960s Counterculture

1. The Expanding Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements and 1960s Counterculture

2. Martin Luther King Jr. • Martin Luther King, Jr. was a Baptist minister and political activist who was the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement. • King won the Nobel Peace Prize before being assassinated in 1968. • For his promotion of non-violence and racial equality, King is considered a peacemaker and a martyr by many people around the world. • Martin Luther King's most influential and well-known speech is "I Have A Dream."

3. Malcolm X • Born Malcolm Little, Malcolm X was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. • Malcolm X became one of the most prominent black nationalist leaders in the United States, and when murdered was considered by some as a martyr of Islam, and a champion of equality. • As a militant leader, Malcolm X advocated black pride, economic self-reliance, and identity politics. • He ultimately rose to become a world renowned African American/Pan-Africanist and human rights activist.

4. Malcolm X: Letter to Martin Luther King (July 31, 1963) The present racial crisis in this country carries within it powerful destructive ingredients that may soon erupt into an uncontrollable explosion. …. A United Front involving all Negro factions, elements and their leaders is absolutely necessary. A racial explosion is more destructive than a nuclear explosion. … We are inviting several Negro leaders to give their analysis of the present race problem and also their solution. … There will be no debating, arguing, criticizing, or condemning. I will moderate the meeting and guarantee order and courtesy for all speakers. This rally is designed not only to reflect the spirit of unity, but it will give you a chance to present your views to the largest and most explosive elements in Metropolitan New York. …

5. The Black Panther Party • The Black Panther Party was an African American civil-rights and self-defense organization, founded in 1966. • The organization espoused a doctrine of armed resistance to societal oppression. • The group was founded on the principles of its Ten-Point Program. • They also advocated an exemption from military service that would utilize African Americans to "fight and kill other people of color in the world who, like Black people, are being victimized by the White racist government of America." Bobby Seale (left) and Huey Newton (right), Two of the Founders of the Black Panthers

6. The Black Panther Party • The Black Panthers focused their rhetoric on revolutionary class struggle, taking many ideas from Maoism. • The party turned to the works of Marx, Lenin, and Mao to inform the manner in which it should organize, as a revolutionary cadre organization. • In consciously working toward such a revolution, they considered themselves the vanguard party, “committed to organizing support for a socialist revolution.”

7. The Black Panther Platform • We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community. • We want full employment for our people. • We want an end to the robbery by the white man of our Black Community. • We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings. • We want education … that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society… • We want all black men to be exempt from military service. • We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people. • We want freedom for all black men held in … prisons and jails. • We want all black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their black communities… • We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. And … a United Nations-supervised plebiscite to be held throughout the black colony in which only black colonial subjects will be allowed to participate for the purpose of determining the will of black people as to their national destiny…

8. Stokely Carmichael and Black Power • Stokely Carmichael was a black activist and leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Black Panther Party. • He later became a black separatist and a Pan-Africanist. • Carmichael joined Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr and others to continue James Meredith's “March Against Fear” after his assassination.

9. Stokely Carmichael and Black Power • Stokely was arrested during the march; on his release he gave his "Black Power" speech, urging black pride and independence. • SNCC became more radical under his leadership. • He was critical of civil rights leaders that simply called for integration of African Americans into the existing institutions of white middle class culture. • Carmichael is credited for coining the phrase “institutional racism” (or structural racism or systemic racism). Tommie Smith and John Carlos, American athletes at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, displaying the Black Power Salute

10. Jack Kerouac • Jack Kerouac was a novelist, writer, poet, artist, and part of the Beat Generation. • The spontaneous, confessional prose style inspired others, including Tom Robbins, Richard Brautigan, Hunter S. Thompson, Ken Kesey, Tom Waits and Bob Dylan. • His writing reflects a desire to break free from society's mold and to find meaning in life. • His search led him to experiment with drugs and to study spiritual teachings such as Buddhism. • His books are often credited as the catalyst for the 1960s counterculture.

11. Jack Kerouac, On the Road • On the Road was published in 1957. • This largely autobiographical work, based on the spontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friends, is often considered the defining work of the Beat Generation that was so affected by jazz, poetry, and drug experiences. • As the story goes, On the Road was written in only 3 weeks in a burst of artistic fury, hammered out on one long scroll.

12. From On the Road Stranger flowers yet--for as the Negro alto mused over everyone's head with dignity, the young, tall, slender, blond kid from Curtis Street, Denver, jeans and studded belt, sucked on his mouthpiece while waiting for the others to finish; and when they did he started, and you had to look around to see where the solo was coming from, for it came from angelical smiling lips upon the mouthpiece and it was a soft, sweet, fairy-tale solo on an alto. Lonely as America, a throatpierced sound in the night.

13. Allen Ginsberg • Irwin Allen Ginsberg was an Beat poet best known for “Howl” (1956), a long poem about consumer society's negative human values. • Ginsberg formed a bridge between the Beat movement of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s, participating in the anti-war movement. • Ginsberg's principal work, "Howl” is well known for its opening line: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness". • Many characters referenced in "Howl" destroyed themselves through substance abuse or a generally wild lifestyle.

14. Bob Dylan • The 1963 release of The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan marked his emergence as one of the most original and poetic voices in the history of American popular music. The album included, “Blowin’ in the Wind.” • His next album, The Times They Are A-Changin’, firmly established Dylan as the definitive songwriter of the ‘60s protest movement. • By 1964, Dylan was playing 200 concerts annually, but he tired of his role as “the” folk singer-songwriter of the protest movement. • Another Side of Bob Dylan was a much more personal, introspective collection, far less politically charged than previous efforts.

15. From Bob Dylan’s, “The Times They Are a Changing” (1964) Come gather 'round peopleWherever you roamAnd admit that the watersAround you have grownAnd accept it that soonYou'll be drenched to the bone.If your time to youIs worth savin'Then you better start swimmin'Or you'll sink like a stoneFor the times they are a-changin'. Come writers and criticsWho prophesize with your penAnd keep your eyes wideThe chance won't come againAnd don't speak too soonFor the wheel's still in spinAnd there's no tellin' whoThat it's namin'.For the loser nowWill be later to winFor the times they are a-changin'. Come senators, congressmenPlease heed the callDon't stand in the doorwayDon't block up the hallFor he that gets hurtWill be he who has stalledThere's a battle outsideAnd it is ragin'.It'll soon shake your windowsAnd rattle your wallsFor the times they are a-changin'.

16. The Beatles • The Beatles are held in high regard for their artistic achievements, their commercial success, and their ground-breaking role in popular music and culture. • Their early material fused elements of early rock 'n roll, pop, and R&B into a new form of popular Rock 'n Roll. • They were instrumental in the development of 1960s musical styles, such as folk-rock, hard rock and psychedelia. • Their clothes, hairstyles, statements, and choice of instruments made them trend-setters, whilst their growing social awareness saw their influence extend into the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s.

17. Timothy Leary • Timothy Francis Leary was an American writer, psychologist, computer software designer, and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use. • As a 1960s counterculture icon, he is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD. • During the 1960s, he coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

18. Anti-War Demonstrations

19. Shock and Disillusionment in the Wake of the Tet Offensive • As 1968 began, President Johnson and the military offered optimistic appraisals of the situation in Vietnam. • January 30th, North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops launched a massive, unexpected offensive on the lunar New Year holiday of Tet. • U.S. forces repelled enemy forces, but public support for the war plummeted as Americans recognized the inevitability of stalemate.

20. Walter Cronkite’s “We are Mired in Stalemate” Broadcast (February 27, 1968) To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.

21. The 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago • The events of the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago illustrated the depth of the divisions in the Party and society at large when it erupted into violence. • Anti-war activists planned a massive demonstration outside convention venues. • Chicago's mayor refused all parade permits and mobilized over 20,000 law enforcement personnel. • On August 28, as demonstrators marched toward the convention, a "police riot" occurred as officers fired tear gas and beat protesters and reporters. • Hubert Humphrey won the nomination, but the party was hopelessly fractured.

22. John Kerry and Vietnam Veterans Against the War • Future Senator & Presidential candidate John Kerry served in the Navy during the Vietnam War. • He was awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and three Purple Hearts. • Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). • In 1971, Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress. • He asked, "[H]ow do you ask a man to be the last man to die in Vietnam? How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?"

23. John Kerry and Vietnam Veterans Against the War • The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with 800 other veterans. • They threw their medals and ribbons over a fence at the front steps of the U.S. Capitol building. • Kerry explained, "I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all."

24. Jane Fonda and Vietnam • Jane Fonda is an Oscar-winning actor, writer, producer, and political activist. • She is credited with exposing Nixon's potential strategy of bombing the dikes in Vietnam. • United Nations ambassador George H. W. Bush. Bush intended to provide evidence of US innocence, but Fonda released filmed evidence. • In Vietnam, Fonda was photographed multiple times seated on an anti-aircraft battery used against American aircrews. • She participated in radio broadcasts on behalf of the Communist regime, asking US aircrews to turn around without dropping their bombs.

25. Jane Fonda and Vietnam • Opposition to the war was building, but Fonda's actions in 1972 were widely perceived as an unpatriotic display of aid and comfort to the enemy, with some even characterizing it as treason. • Her detractors labeled her Hanoi Jane, comparing her to war propagandists Tokyo Rose and Hanoi Hannah.

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