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Pre and Post Condition Rules

Pre and Post Condition Rules. Definition : If R and S are two assertions, then R is said to be stronger than S if R -> S (R implies S). Example : the assertion i < 0 is stronger than the assertion i < 3 because i < 0 implies that i < 3 ( i < 0 is true implies that i < 3 is true)

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Pre and Post Condition Rules

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  1. Pre and Post Condition Rules • Definition : If R and S are two assertions, then R is said to be stronger than S if R -> S (R implies S). • Example : • the assertion i < 0 is stronger than the assertion i < 3 because i < 0 implies that i < 3 ( i < 0 is true implies that i < 3 is true) • draw the set and subset diagram to get a better “feel,” if needed • Note that if R is stronger than S, then all states that satisfy R will satisfy S. But there is at least one state that satisfies S which will not satisfy R. So the number of states that satisfies S is larger than that of R. Thus one may view the notion of “stronger” as “more selective” because less states will satisfy the stronger condition. • Of course, if R is strongerthan S, then S is weaker than R

  2. Precondition Strengthening • Rule 1: If P’ is stronger than P and if {P}C{Q} triple is correct, then with the strengthened precondition assertion, {P’}C{Q} triple is also correct • Example : • if {P}C{Q} is correct, for P which is (x>0), then for P’, which asserts (x>2), the triple {P’}C{Q} will also be correct. • Rule 1 - More formally : • P’ -> P (strengthening p to p’) • {P}C{Q} • {P’}C{Q} • Example : if {x <5} x:= x+1 {x < 6} is correct, then strengthening {P} to {x < 3} should give us {x<3} x:=x+1 {x<6} as also correct because : • {x<3} -> {x<5} • {x<5} x := x+1 {x<6} • {x<3} x := x+1 {x<6}

  3. Post Condition Weakening • Rule 2: If Q -> Q’ and {P}C{Q} triple is correct then {P}C{Q’} triple is correct • Rule 2 : Formally we have: • {P}C{Q} • Q -> Q’ • {P}C{Q’} • Example : • if { } max := b {max=b} then show { } max:=b {max >= b} { } max := b {max =b} {max = b} -> {max >= b} { } max:=b {max >=b }

  4. Conjunction (AND) and Disjunction (OR) Rules • Rule 3: If C is a piece of code, {P}C{Q} AND {P’}C{Q’} are correct (note that both of the conditions have to be True simultaneously), then {P AND P’} C {Q AND Q’} is also correct • Formally : • {P} C {Q} • {P’} C {Q’} • {P AND P’} C {Q AND Q’} • Rule 4:If C is a piece of code, {P}C{Q} AND {P’}C{Q’}, then {P OR P’} C {Q OR Q’} is also correct • Formally : • {P} C {Q} • {P’} C {Q’} • {P OR P’} C {Q OR Q’}

  5. Example using Conjunction Rule & more • Problem : given the following Hoare Triples: • { } x:= x+1 { x = x+1 } AND [note that x:= x + 1 has multiple meanings here !] • {x>0} x:= x +1 {x > 0} • show that {x>0} x:=x+1 {x > -1} • Proof : (a little more detailed than needed) • a) using conjunction rule, we get {x>0} x:= x+ 1{x=x+1 AND x>0} • b) using the weakening the post-condition rule, we have {x=x+1 and x>0} -> {x>0}; thus the conjunction triple {x>0} x:=x+1 {x=x+1 AND x>0} also imply {x>0} x:=x+1 {x>0} is correct by weakening the post condition • Furthermore {x > 0 } -> { x > - 1} (or x > 0 is stronger than x > -1) • Therefore we have {x>0} x := x+1 {x>-1} (by weakening the post condition) • Alternatively : note that the weakening of post condition can be achieved through dropping x=x+1 and also directly weakening x > 0 to x > -1.

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