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Ocean Ecosystem Marine Biology

Ocean Ecosystem Marine Biology. Warm Up. Explain the role of the following organisms: Carnivore Herbivore Producer What is the difference between a predator and a prey animal? How is an ecosystem affected if many of the top predators are killed by humans?. Boiling Water.

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Ocean Ecosystem Marine Biology

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  1. Ocean Ecosystem Marine Biology

  2. Warm Up • Explain the role of the following organisms: • Carnivore • Herbivore • Producer • What is the difference between a predator and a prey animal? • How is an ecosystem affected if many of the top predators are killed by humans?

  3. Boiling Water • What temperature does water boil at? • How hot do hydrothermal vents get? • Could you touch the water in a hydrothermal vent? Why or why not?

  4. What is an ecosystem? • System= regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole • Ecosystem = an ecological system;= a community and its physical environment treated together as a functional system

  5. Living and Nonliving Components of an Ecosystem • 1. • Make a list of all the LIVING components that live in the ecosystem surrounding our school. • 2. • Make a list of all the NON LIVING components that live in the ecosystem surrounding our school.

  6. Ecosystem Review Ecosystem:“Any area of nature that includes living organisms and non-living substances that interact to produce and exchange of materials between living and non-living parts is an ecological system or ecosystem.” (E.P.Odum) Ecosystems consist of 4 components: abiotic, producers, consumers, and decomposers;

  7. Ecosystem Review • Biotic Components of the Ecosystem • plants • animals • bacteria • Abiotic Components of the Ecosystem • geological • basin shape, size, & topography • physical • temperature, currents, pressure, light) • chemical • carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, salinity, trace metals, vitamins

  8. The Ocean Ecosystem • The ocean water column can be separated into 2 distinct zones: the surface zone and the deep zone • Surface zone • extends down to about 100- 300 meters • well mixed • known as the “mixed layer” • includes the photic zone • Deep zone • the rest of the water column • dark and cold with much less productivity • includes the aphotic zone • the pycnocline forms a physical barrier between the surface and deep zones

  9. Biozones

  10. Shelf Versus Basin

  11. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs • There are two types of organisms in any given ecosystem: autotrophs and heterotrophs • autotrophs make their own food • they ‘fix’ CO2 during photosynthesis • autotrophs form the base of the food web and are ultimately responsible for all life in the world’s oceans • marine examples include phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, and sulfide oxidizing bacteria (i.e. at hydrothermal vents) • phytoplankton are the most abundant primary producers in the oceans 6 CO2 + 12 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

  12. Hydrothermal vents – ‘primary production’ is done by a type of extremophile, that is, a type of microorganism that can thrive under extreme env. conditions (temp > 80° C or below 90° C); these extremophiles are also chemoautotrophs – they use hydrogen and sulfur compounds as sources of energy (with or without oxygen) (chemosynthesis);

  13. HYDROTHERMAL VENTS AND CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

  14. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs • heterotrophs consume food (organic matter) that has already been produced • they make energy (ATP) from the breakdown of organic compounds during cellular respiration • when there is no light (i.e. at night or in deeper waters) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria respire the organic compounds that they produced during photosynthesis • examples of marine heterotrophs include all marine animals and most marine bacteria C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

  15. Photo from: Science.nasa.gov

  16. Hydrothermal Vents • Video on hydrothermal vents shallow in the Sea of Cortez @ http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=BE1B3967-DEA7-4519-AFFF-498BBB7EE750&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  17. Independent Research • READ PAGES 402-403 FEATURES OF THE RIFT ZONE • What is the rift? • Why is the rift zone of special interest to oceanographers? • Explain how the ocean basin was created. • Explain how black smokers work. • What is a hydrothermal vent? • How hot is the water that comes out of the hydrothermal vents? • What happened to the first thermometer that was used near the hydrothermal vents? • Explain the YEAR and SIGNIFICANCE of the Alvin submersable. • What Marine Biology careers are linked to this type of exploration?

  18. HSA Public Release Questions • Analyze the hydrothermal vent picture in order to identify different ecological roles within this ecosystem.

  19. Trophic Levels

  20. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS • All organisms require energy, for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc. • Hence, for all organisms theremust be:A source of energy • A loss of usable energy

  21. Types of energy • heat energy • mechanical energy(+gravitational energy, etc.) • chemical energy = energy stored in • molecular bonds

  22. Transformations of energy • How is solar energy converted to chemical energy? • How does this process influence life as we see it on earth? • The transformations of energy from solar radiation to chemical energy and mechanical energy and finally back to heat are a traditional topic of Ecosystem Ecology.

  23. An ecosystem has abiotic and biotic components: • ABIOTIC components: • Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems. • Inorganic substances, e.g., sulfur, boron, tend to cycle through ecosystems. • Organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link between biotic and abiotic components of the system.

  24. BIOTIC components: • The biotic components of an ecosystem can be classified according to their mode of energy acquisition. • In this type of classification, there are: • Autotrophs • and • Heterotrophs

  25. Autotrophs • Autotrophs (=self-nourishing) are called primary producers. • Photoautotrophs fix energy from the sun and store it in complex organic compounds • (= green plants, algae, some bacteria) light simple inorganic compounds complex organic compounds photoautotrophs

  26. Plankton include plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton). More than 90% of marine plants are algae and most are unicellular and microscopic. To photosynthesize (produce organic material from inorganic matter and sunlight) plants must remain within the photic zone. Diatoms are single-celled plants enclosed in a siliceous frustrule (shell) that is shaped like a pillbox. Dinoflagellates are single-celled plants with two whip-like tails (flagella).

  27. Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesizers) are bacteria • that oxidize reduced inorganic substances • (typically sulfur and ammonia compounds) • and produce complex organic compounds. oxygen reduced inorganic compounds complex organic compounds chemoautotrophs

  28. Chemosynthesis near hydrothermal vents

  29. Other chemoautotrophs: Nitrifying bacteria in the soil under our feet!

  30. Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs (=other-nourishing) cannot produce their own food directly from sunlight+ inorganic compounds. They require energy previously stored in complex molecules. heat complex organic compounds simple inorganic compounds heterotrophs (this may include several steps, with several different types of organisms)

  31. Heterotrophs can be grouped as: • consumers • decomposers

  32. Consumers feed on organisms or particulate organic matter. • Decomposers utilize complex compounds in dead protoplasm. • Bacteria and fungi are the main groups of decomposers. • Bacteria are the main feeders on animal material. • Fungi feed primarily on plants, although bacteria also are important in some plant decomposition processes.

  33. The Laws of Thermodynamics • Energy flow is a one-directional process. • sun---> heat (longer wavelengths) • FIRST LAW of THERMODYNAMICS: • Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

  34. Energy flow • Simple! • This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem. heat Producers Consumers Decomposers heat

  35. It is useful to distinguishdifferent types of organisms within these major groups, particularly within the consumer group. Consumers

  36. Terminology of trophic levels • We can further separate the TROPHIC LEVELS, particularly the Consumers: • Producers (Plants, algae, cyanobacteria; some chemotrophs)--capture energy, produce complex organic compounds • Primary consumers--feed on producers • Secondary consumers--feed on primary consumers • Tertiary consumers--feed on secondary consumers

  37. More trophic levels: • Detritivores--invertebrates that feed on organic wastes and dead organisms (detritus) from all trophic levels • Decomposers--bacteria and fungi that break down dead material into inorganic materials

  38. More Trophic Levels • Producers = plants etc. that capture energy from the sun • Herbivores = plant-eaters • Carnivores = animal-eaters • Omnivores--eat both animals and plants

  39. Together, these groups make up a FOOD CHAIN • E.g., grass, rabbit, eagle Carnivore Herbivore Producer

  40. Carnivores • Carnivores can be further divided into groups: • quaternary carnivore (top) • tertiary carnivore • secondary carnivore • primary carnivore • The last carnivore in a chain, which is not usually eaten by any other carnivore, is often referred to as the top carnivore.

  41. Foodchains

  42. Foodchains

  43. Foodchains • Rarely are things as simple as grass, rabbit, hawk, or indeed any simple linear sequence of organisms. • More typically, there are multiple interactions, so that we end up with a FOOD WEB.

  44. Foodchains to Food Web

  45. Energy transfers among trophic levels • How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? • How efficient are such transfers?

  46. Biomass--the dry mass of organic material in the organism(s). • (the mass of water is not usually included, since water content is variable and contains no usable energy)

  47. Primary productivity • Primary productivity is the rate of energy capture by producers. • = the amount of new biomass of producers, per unit time and space

  48. carnivores herbivores producers Ecological pyramids • The standing crop, productivity, number of organisms, etc. of an ecosystem can be conveniently depicted using “pyramids”, where the size of each compartment represents the amount of the item in each trophic level of a food chain. • Note that the complexities of the interactions in a food web are not shown in a pyramid; but, pyramids are often useful conceptual devices--they give one a sense of the overall form of the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

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