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Consistency Theories

Consistency Theories. “I love to be balanced”. 19. 1. Basic Assumptions . We like balance Thoughts, beliefs, values, and attitudes, and behaviors are organized sensibly Humans are rational and try to be consistent to self and others We may be irrational in achieving it

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Consistency Theories

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  1. Consistency Theories “I love to be balanced” 19

  2. 1. Basic Assumptions • We like balance • Thoughts, beliefs, values, and attitudes, and behaviors are organized sensibly • Humans are rational and try to be consistent to self and others • We may be irrational in achieving it • It works like physiology

  3. 2. How Does Inconsistency Happen? • Logical short-comings • Conflicting roles • Environment changes • Social change • Persuaded to change

  4. 3. Balance Theory (Heider 1946) A. General Law - An unbalanced state produces tension & generates forces to restore balance B. Balanced State - Even # of neg. or all + C. Unbalanced State - Odd # of neg.

  5. Example of Balance Theory Bo + + Sue Big Event ???????

  6. Critique of Heider • Too simple • Attraction Effect • Chicken Feed Problem • Awareness of inconsistency • Intensity/Salience Issue

  7. 4. Structural Balance • Cartwright & Harary • Add Valence 0 and 1 • Zero Value is important

  8. 5. Congruity Theory (Osgood) • General Law - When attitudes toward the source and the assertion are incongruent, there is a tendency to change both in direction of congruity • Unbalanced state - either one or all have negative relations • More polarized attitudes are more difficult to change

  9. Congruity Examples • Initial Attitude CP SC -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 • Attitude after CP ruled legal 2 • Attitude after CP ruled illegal 2.5 2.5

  10. Cognitive Balancing(Ableson & Rosenberg) A. Types of Bonds • Associative Relations - is, has, includes, likes, helps, produces, implies • Disassociative - avoids, hates, defeats hinders, incongruent B. Attitudes toward object or person • + (positive) • - (negative)

  11. C. Modes of Resolution • Denial - attack cognitive element • Bolstering - drown out imbalance • Differentiation - split element into 2 or more parts • Transcendence - imbed elements in higher levels or larger units

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