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Respiratory System

The respiratory system, primarily consisting of the lungs and air passages, plays a crucial role in breathing by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. This system includes various components: the nasal passages warm and filter air, the pharynx aids in swallowing, and the larynx produces sound. The trachea and bronchi direct air to the lungs, where alveoli facilitate gas exchange. The diaphragm assists in ventilation, controlled by the brain. Understanding common diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia is vital for respiratory health.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System

  2. Parts • Lungs • Air passages

  3. Functions • Takes in oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide • Body has 4-6 minute supply of oxygen

  4. Air PassagesNose • 2 nostrils or nares • Nasal septum • Divides nose into 2 nasal cavities • Lined • With mucous membrane with a rich blood supply • Functions • Warms • Moistens • Filters

  5. Cilia • Tiny hair-like structures that help move dirt trapped in mucous to the esophagus • Olfactory Receptor • Receptors for sense of smell • Lacrimal Ducts • Tear ducts • Drain tears from the eye into the nose

  6. Olfactory Receptors

  7. Sinuses • Cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area • Connected to nasal cavities by short ducts • Function • Warms and moistens air • Lined with mucous membrane • Provides resonance for the voice

  8. Pharynx • Throat • Lies behind the nasal passages • 3 sections • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

  9. Larynx • Voice box • Layers of cartilage • Largest is the thyroid cartilage commonly called the Adam's apple • Contains • Vocal chords • Vibrate on exhaled air to produce sound • The tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech • Epiglottis • Flap of cartilage that closes the larynx during swallowing and prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea

  10. Trachea • Windpipe • Series of “C” shaped cartilage to keep the tube open to the back • Divide into the right and left bronchi • Continues to divide into smaller bronchioles • End in the alveoli • Air sacs

  11. Alveoli • One cell thick and surrounded by capillaries • Look like a cluster of grapes • Allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

  12. Surfactant • Surfactant • Reduces surface pressure and prevents alveoli from collapsing

  13. Exchange of Gases

  14. Lungs • Right lung 3 lobes • Left lung 2 lobes due to the heart

  15. Pleura • Covered by a double layer sac called the pleura

  16. Ventilation • Process of breathing • Diaphragm • Muscle of respiration • Assisted by the intercostal muscles • Phases of respiration • Inspiration • Inhale • Expiration • Exhale

  17. Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

  18. Process of Respiration • Controlled by the medulla oblongata in the brain • An increase in amount of CO2 in the blood , increases the rate of respiration • Both involuntary and voluntary process

  19. Stages of Respiration • External Respiration • Exchange of gases between air in the lung and the blood

  20. Internal Respiration • Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells

  21. Cellular Respiration • Use of gases to make energy, water and CO2

  22. Diseases • Asthma • Inflammation of airways with increased mucous production and muscle constriction • Cause – allergen, exercise, stress, chemical • S/S - wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, shortness of breath • Tx - bronchodilators, steroids

  23. Nebulizer Inhaler

  24. Bronchitis • Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes • Acute – infection • Chronic – longtime exposure to smoking • S/S productive cough, dyspnea, fever, chest pain • Tx – antibiotics, bronchodilators, oxygen

  25. Emphysema

  26. Emphysema • Non infectious, chronic respiratory condition when walls of alveoli deteriorate and loss elasticity • CO2 remains trapped in the alveoli • Poor exchange of gases • S/S dypnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel chest • TX – No cure

  27. Epistaxis • Nosebleed • Congested capillaries bleed • Due to injury, blowing too hard, hypertension • TX – pinch nostrils lean forward slightly

  28. Influenza • Flu • Viral infection of the lungs • Spread by respiratory droplet • S/S - fever, malaise, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle pain • Tx - symptomatic

  29. Lung Cancer • Leading cause of death of men and women • S/S no symptoms in early stages, later cough hemoptysis • Tx – surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy

  30. Pneumonia • Inflammation or infection of the lungs • Build up of exudates (fluid) in the alveoli • S/S cough, chest pain, fever, dyspnea • Tx – antibiotics, bed rest, fluids, respiratory therapy, pain medication

  31. Rhinitis, Laryngitis, Sinusitis

  32. Tuberculosis • Infectious lung disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Can be walled off in a tubercle and become dormant • New strains are drug resistant • S/S fatigue, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis weight loss, chest pain • Tx - several drugs over a period of two years

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