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This Is Rocket Science!!!!!!

This Is Rocket Science!!!!!!. Welcome to another world of science. Let’s start with some history. The Chinese are credited with first using rockets, in fireworks and in warfare, as

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This Is Rocket Science!!!!!!

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  1. This IsRocket Science!!!!!! Welcome to another world of science.

  2. Let’s start with some history. . . • The Chinese are credited with first using rockets, in fireworks and in warfare, as early as 1045 AD The Mongols used rockets against the Europeans in the 1200s, and the Arabs used them against the Crusaders in the same century!

  3. According to one legend, a Chinese official named Wan-Hoo attempted a flight to the moon using a large wicker chair to which were fastened 47 large rockets. 47 assistants, each armed with torches, rushed forward to light the fuses. In a moment there was a tremendous roar accompanied by billowing clouds of smoke. When the smoke cleared, the flying chair and Wan-Hu were gone.

  4. During the early introduction of rockets to Europe, they were used only as weapons. Enemy troops in India repulsed the British with rockets. Later in Britain, Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet. The British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Ever hear of “the rocket’s redglare” before?

  5. During the 19th century, rocket enthusiasts and inventors began to appear in almost every country. Some people thought these early rocket pioneers were geniuses, and others thought they were crazy. Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in Paris, apparently rocketed small animals into space as early as 1806. The payloads were recovered by parachute. French authorities were not always impressed with rocket research. They halted Ruggieri's plans to launch a small boy using a rocket.

  6. Tsiolkovsky, a Russian school teacher, published a report in 1903 that suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to achieve greater range. He stated that the speed and range of a rocket were limited by the exhaust and velocity of escaping gases.

  7. While engineers pursued many amazing developments in aviation during the first half of the 20th century, other Americans, like Robert H. Goddard, dedicated themselves to new achievements in the area of rocketry. In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket and laid the foundation for a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond. Fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds, climbed 41 feet, and landed 184 feet away in a cabbage patch.

  8. During World War II - • Germany took rocket science to a whole new level with their V-2 rocket that had a range of 225 miles and carried a 1650 pound warhead • As Germany collapsed – many German scientists either surrendered or were captured by the American Army • One of the most notable was Wernher von Braun – who developed the V-2 rocket

  9. Wernher von Braun • Little Wernher first experimented by tying rockets to his wagon. . . . and then crashing it into his house • Later – he developed the V-2 for Germany – but the U.S. took some and launched 62 of them from 1946 to 1952 renaming them Redstone • Then – for America – he began the research and development of its first rockets in Texas and then at Huntsville, Alabama • He soon became an American hero!

  10. Then came a shock. . . • The Russians, at the height of the Cold War, in 1957 launched the first man-made object into Earth’s orbit – Sputnik

  11. Sputnik Stats: • Completes 1440 orbits over 3 months • Mass = 83.6 kg (184.3 lb) and was only 23” diameter (excluding antennae) • Orbit time = 96.2 minutes • V = 29 000 kmph / 18 000 mph • Orbit distance = 60 million km / 37 million miles • Orbit perigee 223 km / 139 mi; apogee 1450 km / 900 mi

  12. President Eisenhower created the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 to lead the United States into space Its motto – For the benefit of all.

  13. America, with von Braun’s lead – responds with the Explorer and Vanguard – many of which failed - until the first success in March 1958

  14. Vanguard Stats: • First solar powered satellite! • Weight: 1.5 kg or about 3 lb • Diameter is only 6 inches! • Orbit apogee – 3969 km / 2466 mi; perigee 650 km / 404 mi • Length of orbits – 240 years making it the oldest piece of space debris in orbit around the Earth!

  15. The Space Race had begun. . . And the Russians were first again!

  16. The first man into Space! • Yuri Gagarin (1934 – 1968) flew on the Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961 His flight was only one orbit and lasted only 1 hour 48 minutes, but he orbited at an average 248 km or 154 miles. While in orbit, he stated: “Earth is blue – how wonderful. It is amazing.”

  17. In fact, The Russians would also be the first to send a woman into space – Valentina Tereshkova – in 1963 A trained fighter pilot, she spent nearly 3 days in orbit doing experiments

  18. America responded with the Mercury Program • First came some monkeys • Then came the dog • Then came the real thing. . .

  19. The Mercury SevenAlan Shepard Virgil Gus Grisson Gordon CooperWally Schirra Donald Slayton John Glenn Scott Carpenter

  20. Some Mercury Stats: • The capsule could only hold one astronaut • Height: 11.5’ / 3.51 m • Diameter: 6.2’ / 1.89 m • Volume: 60 ft3 / 1.7 m3 • Launch Weight: 4265 lb / 1935 kg • Landing Weight: 2421 lb / 1098 kg • Apogee 175 mi/282 km; perigee 100 mi/160 km • First into orbit was Alan Shepard in Freedom 7 for 3 orbits • Scott Carpenter was second – but his 3 orbits were marred by an reentry that was off by 402 km • Gordo Cooper did 22 orbits in Faith 7 • Gus Grissom had a hatch malfunction causing his Mercury 4 capsule to sink! • Mercury lasted from 1959 - 1963

  21. Mercury was replaced by the Gemini Program (1965-1966) • There were ten manned flights with a crew of two • Longest flight was 14 days – 206 orbits • Apogee 250 mi/402 km; perigee 100 mi/160 km • Used the Titan Rocket for launching • Of the original 7 – Cooper, Grissom, and Schirra flew in this program

  22. Meanwhile, President Kennedy aimed for the moon. . .and by the end of the 1960s! • NASA’s ApolloProgram was developed to fulfill this dream

  23. Apollo ran from 1961 to 1975 • Notable Facts: • Apollo 1 suffered a disastrous fire that killed Astronauts Grissom, White and Chaffee • Apollo 8 was the first man made capsule to orbit the moon • Apollo 11 lands on the moon – July 16, 1969 • Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module andwalked on the moon – while Michael Collins remained in orbit around the moon in the Command Module • Apollo 13 had an in-flight explosion – but returned safely • Apollo 15’s David Scott proved objects fall at the same acceleration when he dropped a falcon feather and a hammer and they hit the surface at the same time – TV audiences and physicists watched it live! • Apollo 17 was the last flight in the program

  24. “The Eagle has landed. “

  25. "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind" Neil Armstrong, July 16, 1969 LEM Eagle Tranquility Base On the Moon of Earth

  26. The Saturn V was used as the launch vehicle

  27. It’s total height was 110.6 m / 363’ • Its mass was 338 500 kg or 6 699 000 lbs. • It carried a payload of 118 800 kg / 262 000 lb • It had three stages • First stage: Had 5 engines with the thrust of 34.02 million N; weighed about 5 million lbs.; burned for 150 seconds and took Apollo up to a height of about 42 miles to a speed of 6164 mph • Second stage: 5 million N of thrust; burned LH2 and LOX for 360 seconds to an altitude of 109 miles and a speed of 15647 mph • Third stage: 1 million N of thrust; burning for 165 seconds and then later 335 seconds

  28. Saturn V Stats: 1st Stage 2nd Stage 3rd Stage Engines 5 5 1 Thrust (N) 34 020 000 5 000 000 1 000 000 Burn Time (sec) 150 360 165 / 335 Height (m) 67.85 24.9 17.85 Diameter (m) 10.1 10.1 6.6 Dry Weight (kg) 131 000 36 000 11 000 (lbs) 288 000 80 000 25 000 Fueled Wt. (kg) 2.3 million 480 000 119 000 (lbs) 5.0 million 1.06 million 262 000 Fuel LH2 / LOX LH2/LOX LH2/LOX Specific Impulse 263 sec 421 sec 421 sec N s / kg 2580 4130 4130 Speed (mph) 6 164 15 647 ----- Altitude (miles) 42 109 Orbit

  29. Diagram of the Saturn V launch vehicle for the Apollo Missions

  30. In 1981, NASA began the Space Shuttle (Space Transportation System – STS) program • It was created as a reusable space vehicle and 6 were built • The Enterprise was for testing only, and 3, the Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor remain in use • Tragically – the Challenger was lost in 1986 and the Columbia in 2003 • It has been used to launch satellites into orbit; repair satellites and telescopes; take modules to the International Space Station; and perform a myriad of experiments and studies to further the sciences that benefit mankind

  31. STS Stats: • Shuttle orbit is around 236 miles in altitude • Orbit velocity is 17 180 mph or ≈ Mach 23 • Shuttle height is 184.2’ / 56.1 m • Liftoff weight is 4.5 million lbs / 2 041 166 kg • Payload Capacity 53 700 lb / 24 360 kg at about $10 000 per pound expense • Landing speed (in a glide) is 213 to 226 mph • Uses two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) and main engines fueled by an External Tank (ET) using liquid oxygen and hydrogen to launch

  32. STS Engine Stats: • SRB (Solid Rocket Boosters) • 12.5 million N of thrust each! (About 5.3 million lbs total) • Provides 83% total of needed liftoff thrust • Use 11 000 lbs of fuel per second • Each is 149.2’ tall with 450 000 kg fuel • Weighs 1 286 600 lbs fueled • Fuel is 16% Al and 70 % NH4ClO4 (ammonium perchlorate) with other substances used as a binder • Separate at about + 2 minutes (at ≈ 3 438 mph) and are recovered and reused • Main engines then takes the STS from 4828 kmph up to 27 358 kmph

  33. ET (External Tank) • Fuels the Shuttle’s 3 engines • Diameter 26’ • Length 154’ • Made from a 4% Li / 94% Al alloy with friction stir welding • Separates at T +8.5 minutes and 17 500 mph • ET Weight (Dry) 58 550 lbs • ET Weight (Fueled) 6 million lbs • Fuel – total of 537 000 gallons / 1.6 million lbs @ - 423o F; thrust temp is 6000o F • Liquid Oxygen – 1359142 lbs / 143060 gal • Liquid Hydrogen – 226237 lbs / 383066 gal

  34. The Future and to the Outer Limits. . . • MarinerProgram (7succeeded and 3 failed) • Performed the first flybys and/or orbit of Mars (1964), Venus (1967) and Mercury (1973) • Sent pictures and data back to NASA • Messenger Program: MEcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemisty and Ranging • Launched in 2004 via a Delta Rocket • Mass is 1093 kg / 2410 lb • Hydrazine and Nitrogen Tetraoxide and Helium as propellant • Sent to Mercury to orbit at 142 miles up around the planet and scan its surface for an entire year • On its first flyby in January 2008 – found volcanic activity and traces of H2O in the planet’s exosphere! • Orbiting to begin in March 2011

  35. New Horizons and Pluto in 2015 • Launched via an Atlas Rocket in January 2006 • To visit Pluto and its moons of Charon, Nix and Hydra • On its way – data on Uranus in 2011, Neptune in 2014, the Kuiper Belt, and when done with Pluto – out past the edges of the solar system • Fastest craft ever launched at a v = 16.5 km per second (Voyager was fastest to leave solar system at 38 350 mph)

  36. Cassini-Huygens Mission • Launched in October 1997 reached Saturn in July 2004 • Its signals take 68 to 84 minutes to cover the 8,2 to 10.2 AU to Earth • Fueled by Plutonium IV Dioxide (PuO2) • Mass = 2150 kg; 6.8 m tall and 4 m wide

  37. Galileo – Launched in October 1989 by STS-34 Atlantis and arrived at Jupiter in December 1995 • Used Venus for a gravitational swing • Examined Jupiter’s moons (Europa, Ganymede and Io); the asteroids Gaspra, Ida and Dactyl; and then Jupiter itself • Launched a 1.3 m wide and 339 kg probe into Jupiter’s atmosphere at a velocity of 47.8 km/s which went under 230 g of pressure and collected data for 58 minutes before being crushed • Eventually, in 2003, when its power began to fail, NASA purposely crashed Galileo into the planet where it was destroyed so it would not contaminate anything

  38. Pioneer 10 and 11 – launched in 1972 to explore Venus, Saturn and Jupiter Afterwards, they were sent into deep space with a message from the people of Earth!

  39. The Hubble Space Telescope • Launched by STS 31 Discovery in April 1990 • Intentionally built to be serviced by the Space Shuttle • First serviced in 1993 because mirror edges were 2.2 microns off • Since then, serviced by STS 82 in 1997; 103 (1999); 109 (2002) and 125 (2009) to upgrade and make modifications to the various cameras and other equipment on the telescope • Mass is 11 110 kg / 24 500 lb • If “closed down” and replaced as planned – the Hubble will re-enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up sometime between 2019 and 2032 • Orbit is 559 km / 347 mi (varies due to upper atmospheric conditions) • Period is 96-97 minutes • Velocity is 7500 m/s with an ag = 8.169 m/s2

  40. The Future. . .Back to the Moon and then, Mars!

  41. The Ares I and V • Ares I will carry the crew to the Moon and then, to Mars in the Orion Capsule • Ares V will be the workhorse carrying supplies and equipment • These are now in the process of being built and tested

  42. Who knows where we will go next?

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