Bellringer

1. Bellringer • In your note book, write down the first three things that come to your mind when you think of Agriculture.

2. Agriculture? What is Agriculture? Is it cows, sows and plows or something much more?

3. Agriculture agriculture industry agribusiness Farming Suburban farming Aquaculture Forestry Ornamental Horticulture Natural resources Domestication Inventions Technology Biotechnology Know the following termsdon’t write these… just read

4. Objective 1: Define Agriculture and explain agriculture industry. • Agriculture- the science of growing crops and raising animals to meet the needs of humans. - name some examples of crops and animals that are grown on a farm.

5. Corn peas cotton sorghum potatoes tomatoes strawberries watermelons Pine trees catfish, tilapia Crawfish cows swine horses goats sheep many others etc…. Examples

6. The agriculture industry • The agriculture industry includes all of the activities needed to provide people with food, clothing, and shelter. It includes farm and non-farm operations. • Examples- traditional farmer, county extension agent, chemical companies, textile mills, house contractors (wood), tractor dealers etc...

7. The agriculture industry cont... • The agriculture industry can be broken down into several parts. 1. Agribusiness- this includes all of the non-farm work in the ag. industry.It has two main areas. A. Supplies and services- (13-13-13) B. Marketing and processing- (Got Milk?)

8. Structure of Agribusiness

10. The agriculture industry cont... • 2. Farming- the using of land and other resources to grow crops and raise animals. Examples include: A. Suburban Farming- small areas of land in residential and business areas to produce crops and animals.

11. B. Aquaculture- farming in water. Raising fish, crawfish, shrimp, and plants. • C. Forestry- production and use of trees

12. Foresters and aquaculturalist at work http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=btZTJj_ZchM

13. The agriculture industry cont... • D. the agriculture industry also includes items that make the lives of people better. • 1. Ornamental horticulture-producing plants for their beauty. • 2. Natural resources- all of the things found in nature, including living organisms, minerals, soil, water, and air.

16. The History of Agriculture Objective 2- Identify important agricultural developments that have occurred throughout history.

17. Story of Farming • "Over 80 percent of mankind's diet is provided by the seeds of less than a dozen plant species." • Over the years man has invented new machines and techniques to increase the amount and variety of crop production. The following will be an overview of the history of farming.

18. Story of Farming • The roots of farming began in the areas of present day Turkey and the Middle East about 10,000 years ago. • Two of the earliest settlements are known as Catal Hüyük and Jericho. • Catal Hüyük had, by 6000 B.C., more then 1000 houses.

19. Map of Europe and the Middle East

20. Story of Farming • It is at this place that we have discovered evidence of people taking wild grasses and using the seeds for food and planting for the next years food. • These seeds are now known as cereals and make up a large percentage of the worlds food supply.

21. Jericho cont... • These people were supported by farming of wheat, barley, peas, and lentils. • Archeologist believe the earliest settlers in this area were a small group of hunter-gathers. • Hunter - gathers would live off the land forging berry and edible plants, as well as hunting wild animals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=-twT5P54Agg&NR=1

22. Jericho cont... • These types of people lived in smaller groups because they had to be mobile to find more food. • It was not until man began to plant and harvest crops that large permanent settlements could be established, like at Jericho.

23. Early Agriculture in North America • A- Native Americans including Indians, Hawaiians, and Eskimos were once entirely hunter-gathering peoples. They gathered wild fruit, berries, and hunted animals for food, clothing, and shelter. • 1. Around 7000 B.C., Indians began simple farming. • 2. By 1000 A.D. corn was grown in large plots.

24. Navajo Indian cornfield

25. Early Agriculture in North America cont... • B- Colonists were mostly people from Europe who came to America to help settle the new land. They learned successful agriculture practices form the Native Americans. ( The First Thanksgiving) 1- In 1611, a shipment of livestock arrived in the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. This shipment became the foundation for livestock production in colonies of the southeast. 2- The colonists brought about the domestication of animals. Domestication refers to the taming, confinement, and breeding of animals.

26. Times of Change Objective 3: Explain the major technological developments that have occurred in agriculture.

27. Times of Change • Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. • In the 1700's an agriculture revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. • In the mid 1700s, 90% of the people were farmers. B/C of technology, now only 2% of the American population are engaged in agriculture production.

28. Technology and change • Technology is the use on inventions in working and living. An invention is any new device or product or a new way of doing work. • A few Technological Advancements in America b/w 1607 and 1901: 1. 1607- The Indians show the Plymouth Colonies how to grow crops such as corn, pumpkins, squash, and beans.

29. Young North Dakota Arikara Indian Girl Standing by a Stream

30. Advantages: improvement of soil quality and productivity reduced impact of pests and pathogens Less inputs… $ savings! = $ in your pocket! 2. 1700s- Charles Townshend develops the first crop rotation systems. Field 1, Field 2, Field 3, Field 4

31. Technology and change cont... • 7. 1800s- Gregor Mendel, a botanist, discovers the basic principles of heredity. • 8. 1850- Joseph Glidden develops barbed wire. • 9. 1862- The Morrill Act creates land-grant universities (WAR EAGLE!). The USDA is established. • 10. 1869- Transcontinental railroad is completed. • 11. 1901- First Successful gasoline engine tractor is built.

32. 3. 1700s- Jethro Tull develops a planting machine • 4. 1793- The cotton gin is invented by Eli Whitney. • 5. 1834- Cyrus McCormick invents the reaper. • 6. 1837- John Deere designs a one-piece wrought iron plow in Grand Detour, Illinois.

33. Ard

34. Scythe used for reaping wheat http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gL2_chKPWjE

35. Simple single row seed drill made by E. C. Fairchild.

36. How A seed drill Works The implement would cut small channels into the soil and the seed would be dropped into the channel. Before this time seeds were usually planted by a method known as broadcasting. Broadcasting is simply throwing seeds onto the ground. The seed drill had many advantages to the broadcasting system. First a much higher percentage of seed came to produce crops. Less seed was lost to birds or other animals. Finally, with rows, it was much easier for the farmer to weed his crop.

37. Background on the Cotton Gin • The cotton gin is a device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber. • The cotton engine consisted of spiked teeth mounted on a boxed revolving cylinder which, when turned by a crank, pulled the cotton fiber through small slotted openings so as to separate the seeds from the lint -- a rotating brush, operated via a belt and pulleys, removed the fibrous lint from the projecting spikes.

38. Background on the Cotton Gin • After the invention of the cotton gin, the yield of raw cotton doubled each decade after 1800.

39. Eli Whitney

40. Whitney’s Cotton Gin

41. The Industrial Revolution • In the 1850's, the industrial revolution spilled over to the farm with new mechanized methods which increased production rates. • Early on, the large changes were in the use of new farm implements. • Most of these early implements were still powered by horse or oxen.

42. The Industrial Revolution • These new implements combined with crop rotation, manure and better soil preparation lead to a steady increase of crop yield in Europe. • The advent of steam power and later gas powered engines brought a whole new dimension to the production of crops. • http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm

43. Steam Engine

44. Steam Engine • Steam engines were invented in the late 1700's and applied to moving vehicles by the early 1800's. • The application of steam engines was limited because of the enormous weight that was required in the machine.

45. Steam Engine • "The steam plough, although able to plough ten times the area that horses could plough in a day, was cumbersome and costly, and had only a limited impact on farming in either Europe or the United States. • Thus the horse remained the mains source of power until the early twentieth century

46. Internal Combustion Tractors • Early tractors utilized wide metal tires, especially in the rear of the machine to disperse the weight. • Front wheels often had ridges to help them steer in the dirt. • Problems with traction pushed engineers to come to another form of wheels. • A continuous belt with slats were fitted to the front and back wheels.

47. 1916 Fordson with metal tires

48. Waterloo Boy- J.D.’s first tractor

49. This style has been made famous by Caterpillar company and is still used in heavy earth moving equipment today. • Fordson was one of the first mass produced tractors starting in 1916. • Plowing speed was 2.8 mph (4.5km) weighing over a ton. • It ran on kerosene and could plow 8 acres on one tank of fuel.

50. In 1932 Allis-Chalmers began to use pneumatic tires from Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. • The tires had a much better grip in the soils. • They have many advantages over the metal tires, including their weight.