Course Specifications

1. Course Specifications A Basic Information • Course Title: Heat Engine and Combustion (B) Code:MPE321 • Lecture: 2 Tutorial: 2 Practical: 0 Total: 4 • Program on which the course is given: B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Power) • Major or minor element of program: Major • Department offering the program: Mechanical Engineering Department • Department offering the course: Mechanical Engineering Department • Academic year / level: Third Year / Second Semester • Date of specifications approval: 10/5/2006

2. B- Professional Information 1- Overall aims of course • By the end of the course the students will be able to: • Identify the different types of fuels and their properties. • - Understand the concepts and principles of the chemical reactions. • - Understand the basic principles of the chemical and the phase equilibrium. • - Apply the first and second law of thermodynamics on chemical reactions.- Know the different types of flames and their theories. • - Know the construction and operation of the industrial furnaces and their applications. • - Know the factors affecting the furnaces performance.

3. 2-Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) a) Knowledge and Understanding: • a.5) Methodologies of solving engineering problems, data collection interpretation. • a.8) Current engineering technologies as related to disciplines. • a.13) Fundamentals of thermal and fluid processes. • a.18) Mechanical power and energy engineering contemporary issues. • a.19) Basic theories and principles of some other engineering and mechanical engineering disciplines providing support to mechanical power and energy disciplines

4. 2-Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) b) Intellectual Skills • b.1) Select appropriate mathematical and computer-based methods for modeling and analyzing problems. • b.5) Assess and evaluate the characteristics and performance of components, systems and processes • b.7) Solve engineering problems, often on the basis of limited and possibly contradicting information. • b.11) Analyze results of numerical models and appreciate their limitations. • b.13) Evaluate mechanical power and energy engineering design, processes, and performance and propose improvements.

5. 2-Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) • Professional and Practical Skills • c.1) Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, information technology, design, business context and engineering practice to solve engineering problems. • c.12) Prepare and present technical reports. • c.16) Describe the basic thermal and fluid processes mathematically and use the computer software for their simulation and analysis.

6. 1-Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) • General and Transferable Skills • d.3) Communicate effectively. • d.4) Demonstrate efficient IT capabilities. • d.7) Search for information and engage in life-long self learning discipline.

7. 3- Contents

8. Teaching and Learning Methods • __√__ Lectures • _____ Practical training / laboratory • _____ Seminar / workshop • ____ Class activity • __√__ Tutorial • _____ Case study • __√__ Assignments / homework • Other : Self study

9. Student Assessment Methods • ________ Assignments to assess knowledge and intellectual skills. . • ________ Quiz to assess knowledge, intellectual and professional skills. • ________ Mid-term exam to assess knowledge, intellectual, professional and general skills. • ________ Oral exam to assess knowledge, intellectual, professional and general skills. • ________ Final exam to assess knowledge, intellectual, professional and general skills. • Other: Self study to assess knowledge, intellectual, professional and general skills.

10. Assessment schedule • Assessment 1 on weeks 2, 5, 9, 11 • Assessment 2 Quizzes on weeks 4, 6, 10, 13 • Assessment 3 Mid-term exam on week 8 • Assessment 4 Oral Exam on week 14 • Assessment 5 Final exam on week 15 • Weighting of Assessments • Mid- Term Examination 15% • Final- Term Examination 60% • Oral Examination 15% • Practical Examination 00% • Semester Work 05% • Other 05% • Total 100%

11. 8- List of References • 8.1- G. Van Wylen, R. Sonntag and C. Borgnakke, "Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics", Jhon Wiley &Sons. 1994. • 8.2-.Yunis, A. Cengle, and Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics- an Engineering Approach” Fifth edition, • 8.3-.J. Warnatz · U. Maas · R.W. Dibble, “Combustion”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996, 1999, 2001

12. Facilities Required for Teaching and learning • Lecture room • Presentation board, computer and data show • Course coordinator: Prof. Dr. Ramadan Y. Sakr • Course instructor: Prof. Dr. Ramadan Y. Sakr • Head of department: Prof. Dr. Maher G. A. Higazy Date: 26/10/ 2011

13. Fuels & Fuels Properties Lecture 1

14. Crude Oil • Found in rock formations that were ocean floors. • Organic matter from seas became trapped by sediments at ocean floor. • Progressing cracking of the molecules and elimination of oxygen turned organic matter into petroleum.

15. Crude Oil • Petroleum is made of 86% carbon and 14% hydrogen. • Hydrocarbon molecules are accompanied by dirt, water, sulfur and other impurities. • Crude oil must be refined to produce suitable engine fuels.

16. Fig. 5.1: Molecular Structures of Some Hydrocarbon Fuel Families

17. Fig. 5.2: Flow Diagram for Typical Petroleum Refinery

18. Fig. 5.3: Distillation Curve for Crude Oil.

19. Distillation Temperatures • 30 to 230 C for Gasoline • 230 to 370 C for Diesel • Most refineries utilize “cracking units” where catalysts at high temperatures and pressures crack the larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones shifting production towards gasoline. • Fractionating towers allow smaller molecules to condense out at cooler temperatures in the upper portion of the tower.

20. Ideal Combustion • All of the H in fuel is converted to H20. • All of the C in fuel is converted to CO2. • Air is 21% O and 79% N by volume.

21. Combustion of Gasoline

22. Stoichiometric Air/Fuel Mixture • For gasoline…

23. Table 5.2: Representative Fuel Molecules

24. Fig.1-1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons

26. Fig.1-2 Alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbo

27. Fig. 1-3 Structural formulae for oxygenous hydrocarbons

28. Fig. (1-4) Boiling graph for gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as kerosene and water

29. Definition of the octane number (ON) for gasoline fuels For the determination of ignition performance, we use a so-called comparison fuel, i.e. a two component fuel consisting of The octane number is defined as the isooctane fraction of the comparison fuel. Definition of the cetane number (CN) for diesel fuels In determining ignition performance, we use a comparison fuel, which is, in this case, a two component fuel composed of:

31. A fuel can be considered as a finite resource of chemical potential energy, i.e., energy stored in the molecular structure of particular compounds that may be released via complex chemical reactions. Some of the basic ideal combustion engineering characteristics of a fuel include: High energy density (content) High heat of combustion (release) Good thermal stability (storage) Low vapor pressure (volatility) Nontoxicity (environmental impact)

32. THE FUEL-ENGINE INTERFACE

35. Gasoline Engine Exhaust • SI engines are often operated with “rich” air/fuel mixtures to produce more power – inadequate oxygen supply results in production of CO (not all carbon is converted to CO2). • Even with lean mixtures, CO is still produced. DO NOT OPERATE GASOLINE ENGINES IN CONFINED SPACES!!!

36. Diesel Air/Fuel Ratios • Stoichiometric air/fuel mixture for CI engines 14.9:1. • However, most CI engines are operated with a leaner air/fuel ration and therefore free oxygen is often found in the exhaust.

37. Diesel Engine Exhaust • Small quantities of unburned fuel escape in gaseous form. • At high temperatures N reacts with O to form NO and NO2 (together these are known as NOx). • Federal government has established limits on CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbon in engine exhaust – Tier I through IV Regulations.

38. Emission Regulations (EPA)

39. Example 5.1 • What is the air/fuel ratio and the exhaust products when ethanol is used as an engine fuel?

40. Solution

41. General Combustion Equations • Equations are cast in a form that includes a measure of “richness,” • where f is the “richness” term.

42. General Combustion Equations • The “General Combustion Equation” is, • where x, y and z are the relative number of atoms of C, H and O, respectively; and U, R, V and W are defined in the following relationships.

43. General Combustion Equations

44. General Combustion Equations • The actual A/F ratio becomes,

45. General Combustion Equations • The theoretical dry exhaust gas concentrations (volumetric basis) become,

46. Blended Fuels • Blended fuels are common – for example blends of 10 % ethanol and 90% gasoline are used to meet EPA requirements for oxygenated fuels in regions of the country with impaired air quality.

47. Blended Fuels • The composite fuel molecule can be estimated using, • where the “p” subscript denotes the primary fuel, and “s” the secondary; and variable f is the faction (decimal form) of either fuel.

48. Blended Fuels • The resulting composite fuel molecule becomes,

49. Octane Ratings • Octane is a measure of gasoline’s resistance to “knock.” • “Knock” is the uncontrolled release of energy when combustion initiates somewhere other than the spark plug. • Symptoms of engine “knock” include an audible “knocking” or “pining” sound under acceleration.

50. Fig. 5.5: Knock in SI engines.