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Genes Control ...

DNA:. Genes Control . Development. Physiology. Behavior. Infectious Disease. Inherited Disease. Technology. Drosophila melanogaster. WHY FLIES… 1) Great Genetics 2) Short life span 3) Small Size 4) Small (sequenced!) Genome. Great Genetics!!!. Biochemical Function. Protein.

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Genes Control ...

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  1. DNA: Genes Control ... Development Physiology Behavior Infectious Disease Inherited Disease Technology

  2. Drosophila melanogaster

  3. WHY FLIES… 1) Great Genetics 2) Short life span 3) Small Size 4) Small (sequenced!) Genome

  4. Great Genetics!!! Biochemical Function Protein Function Gene Phenotype

  5. Red-Eyed and White-Eyed Fruit Flies

  6. Eye Color Production in Drosophila

  7. yellow

  8. ebony

  9. vestigial

  10. eyeless

  11. Curly

  12. Drosophila’s Contributions to Genetic Research • 1910 First mutation: white eyes (T. H. Morgan) • 1913 First genetic map showing genes arranged in a linear order (A. H. Sturtevant) • 1916 Proof that genes are located on chromosomes (C. B. Bridges) • 1927 X-rays cause mutations and chromosomal rearrangements (H. J. Muller) • 1934 First physical mapping of a mutation (T.S. Painter) • 1975 First physical mapping of a gene (D. S. Hogness) • 1980 First comprehensive analysis of mutants that affect animal development • (C. Nusslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus, E. Lewis) Nobel Prizes

  13. Drosophila Life Cycle

  14. Homeotic Mutations: The conversion of one body part into another Haltere to wing transformation

  15. Dominant, gain of function allele of the Antp gene conversion to legs! Developmental Genetics! Antennae

  16. Cell Proliferation Control During Animal Development and its Relation to Cancer

  17. Cancer develops through gradual changes in cell morphology and properties Normal Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Malignant carcinoma

  18. The Cell Cycle

  19. Progress Through The Cell Cycle is Regulated

  20. Cyclin Dependent Kinases (cdk) Control Progress Through The Cell Cycle cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1 cyclin D/cdk4 cyclin A/cdk2 cyclin E/cdk2

  21. Gene Expression Regulates Cyclin Dependent Kinase Activity During the Cell Cycle (and vice versa) …. cyclin B/cdk1 cyclin A/cdk1 cyclin D/cdk4 cyclin A/cdk2 cyclin E/cdk2

  22. Do Flies Get Cancer? YES! (Sort of…) St Johnston, Nat Rev Gen 3:176 (2002)

  23. Flies are like little humans with wings… http://superfly.ucsd.edu/homophila/ Genes involved in 74% of human diseases, including cancer, can be found in Drosophila

  24. The Cell Cycle What About Development?

  25. M G2 G1 S S Drosophila Embryonic Cell Cycles: S M

  26. Early Drosophila development occurs in a syncytium

  27. Nuclear Division Cycles t = 15 min t = 60 min t = 120 min

  28. GFP Labeled Chromosomes* gas permeable membrane cover slip *Courtesy of Rob Saint, University of Adelaide, Australia

  29. Mitosis in an Early Fruit Fly Embryo

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